{"title":"Cook Islands 2026 Geologic Field Synthesis","eyebrow":"Technical initial findings report","subtitle":"Preliminary carbonate stratigraphy, field relations, height control, sample priorities, and source trace for the southern Cook Islands field campaign.","status":"codex_initial_draft","version":"0.1","date":"2026-06-16","audience_note":"This report is a technical working synthesis for the project team. It is separate from the raw daily logs and from the public-facing trip report. The prose is an initial Codex-generated draft built from the repository's daily logs, field-note YAML, sample ledger, GPS heights, tide-gauge datums, media manifest, and previous-work reference index.","source_policy":["Treat field-note and recorder-derived observations as primary repository evidence.","Treat previous work as geologic frame and comparison, not as proof for new local observations.","Do not assign a reef unit to MIS 5e, Holocene, or older Pleistocene solely from height or appearance.","Use sample, datum, preservation, and age checks before converting field descriptions into sea-level indicators."],"sections":[{"id":"abstract","eyebrow":"Initial findings","title":"Abstract","paragraphs":[{"text":"The 2026 field campaign documented raised reef limestone, modern reef-flat analogues, candidate Holocene emergence features, and higher makatea surfaces across Atiu, Mangaia, Mauke, Mitiaro, and a Rarotonga comparison stop. The strongest recurring field signal is not a single terrace surface, but repeated juxtaposition of growth-position coral framework, weathered or recrystallized makatea, local notch or groove geometries, beachrock or sand caps, and datum-dependent low coastal benches.","evidence_ids":["field-note-corpus","daily-log-corpus","ref-stoddart-woodroffe-spencer-1990","ref-woodroffe-short-1991"],"sources":[{"id":"field-note-corpus","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-corpus","type":"repository_data","label":"Recorder-derived field-note YAML","title":"Recorder-derived field-note YAML","citation":"Field notes","citation_label":"Field notes","source_label":"","summary":"18 normalized field-note records loaded from data/field_notes.","quote":"","href":"data/field_notes.json","date":"","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"daily-log-corpus","html_id":"synthesis-source-daily-log-corpus","type":"repository_data","label":"Raw daily log corpus","title":"Raw daily log corpus","citation":"Daily logs","citation_label":"Daily logs","source_label":"","summary":"18 rendered daily logs with cleaned note timelines, raw transcript access, GPS field routes, and matched media evidence.","quote":"","href":"data/daily-logs.json","date":"","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"ref-stoddart-woodroffe-spencer-1990","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-stoddart-woodroffe-spencer-1990","type":"reference","label":"Mauke, Mitiaro and Atiu: Geomorphology of Makatea Islands in the Southern Cooks","title":"Mauke, Mitiaro and Atiu: Geomorphology of Makatea Islands in the Southern Cooks","citation":"","citation_label":"Stoddart et al. 1990","source_label":"Atoll Research Bulletin","summary":"Atoll Research Bulletin 341 survey of makatea geomorphology, topographic profiles, Pleistocene limestones, coastal morphology, and Holocene coastal features on Mauke, Mitiaro, and Atiu.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/stoddart-woodroffe-spencer-1990-mauke-mitiaro-atiu-geomorphology-makatea-islands.pdf","date":"","year":"1990","authors":"D. R. Stoddart, C. D. Woodroffe, and T. Spencer","author_short":"Stoddart et al."},{"id":"ref-woodroffe-short-1991","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-woodroffe-short-1991","type":"reference","label":"Stratigraphy and Chronology of Late Pleistocene Reefs in the Southern Cook Islands, South Pacific","title":"Stratigraphy and Chronology of Late Pleistocene Reefs in the Southern Cook Islands, South Pacific","citation":"","citation_label":"Woodroffe et al. 1991","source_label":"Journal article","summary":"Describes fossil reef and ages to constrain late Pleistocene sea-level history across the southern group.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/woodroffe-short-1991-late-pleistocene-reefs-southern-cook-islands.pdf","date":"","year":"1991","authors":"Colin D. Woodroffe and Stephen A. Short","author_short":"Woodroffe et al."}]},{"text":"The working interpretation is deliberately conservative. Several sites contain plausible sea-level indicators, especially in-situ coral framework, microatoll-like surfaces, coralline or vermetid zonation, and tide-gauge-tied reef flats. However, the field evidence is not yet sufficient to assign many observations to Holocene, MIS 5e, stage 7, or older reef units without sample screening, elevation-datum reconciliation, and photo or drone checks for growth position.","evidence_ids":["sea-level-indicator-guardrails","sample-manifest","tide-datums","gps-height-points"],"sources":[{"id":"sea-level-indicator-guardrails","html_id":"synthesis-source-sea-level-indicator-guardrails","type":"method","label":"Sea-level indicator guardrails","title":"Sea-level indicator guardrails","citation":"Indicator guardrails","citation_label":"Indicator guardrails","source_label":"Cook Islands carbonate synthesis skill","summary":"Use growth-position corals, microatolls, coralgal or vermetid rims, datum-tied reef framework, and measured water-level transects as stronger indicators; treat loose rubble, storm boulders, weathered notches, cave fill, and recrystallized makatea as provisional.","quote":"Do not use a U-series age as sea-level evidence unless growth position, elevation, and indicative meaning are also constrained.","href":"","date":"","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"sample-manifest","html_id":"synthesis-source-sample-manifest","type":"repository_data","label":"NES fossil coral sample manifest","title":"NES fossil coral sample manifest","citation":"Sample ledger","citation_label":"Sample ledger","source_label":"","summary":"123 fossil coral sample rows and 230 matched sample photos from the NES sample outputs.","quote":"","href":"samples.html","date":"","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"tide-datums","html_id":"synthesis-source-tide-datums","type":"repository_data","label":"Tide-gauge datum products","title":"Tide-gauge datum products","citation":"Tide datums","citation_label":"Tide datums","source_label":"","summary":"4 rendered island tide-gauge datum records with datum figures and plots.","quote":"","href":"data/tidal-datums.json","date":"","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"gps-height-points","html_id":"synthesis-source-gps-height-points","type":"repository_data","label":"GPS height-control points","title":"GPS height-control points","citation":"GPS heights","citation_label":"GPS heights","source_label":"","summary":"406 GPS features contain height_m_above_mean_sea_level fields.","quote":"","href":"data/gps_points.geojson","date":"","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""}]}],"findings":[],"subsections":[],"figures":[{"id":"fig-overview-map","kind":"generated_overview_map","title":"Southern Cook Islands field evidence map","caption":"Field islands in this synthesis with mapped project points and reference-coordinate context.","src":"","svg":"","evidence_ids":[]}],"tables":[]},{"id":"evidence-base","eyebrow":"Methods and source control","title":"Evidence Base And Report Method","paragraphs":[{"text":"This synthesis reads the daily recorder-note products as the primary observation layer. Each daily log preserves cleaned notes, raw transcript access, GPS breadcrumb context, photo matches, and site groupings; this report reorganizes those notes by geologic problem rather than by field-day timeline.","evidence_ids":["daily-log-corpus","field-note-corpus"],"sources":[{"id":"daily-log-corpus","html_id":"synthesis-source-daily-log-corpus","type":"repository_data","label":"Raw daily log corpus","title":"Raw daily log corpus","citation":"Daily logs","citation_label":"Daily logs","source_label":"","summary":"18 rendered daily logs with cleaned note timelines, raw transcript access, GPS field routes, and matched media evidence.","quote":"","href":"data/daily-logs.json","date":"","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"field-note-corpus","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-corpus","type":"repository_data","label":"Recorder-derived field-note YAML","title":"Recorder-derived field-note YAML","citation":"Field notes","citation_label":"Field notes","source_label":"","summary":"18 normalized field-note records loaded from data/field_notes.","quote":"","href":"data/field_notes.json","date":"","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""}]},{"text":"Repository data provide three quantitative scaffolds: the NES fossil coral sample ledger, GPS rows with height fields, and tide-gauge datum products. These scaffolds are shown here as working tables so later revisions can replace the automated prose with checked interpretations without losing the source trail.","evidence_ids":["sample-manifest","gps-height-points","tide-datums"],"sources":[{"id":"sample-manifest","html_id":"synthesis-source-sample-manifest","type":"repository_data","label":"NES fossil coral sample manifest","title":"NES fossil coral sample manifest","citation":"Sample ledger","citation_label":"Sample ledger","source_label":"","summary":"123 fossil coral sample rows and 230 matched sample photos from the NES sample outputs.","quote":"","href":"samples.html","date":"","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"gps-height-points","html_id":"synthesis-source-gps-height-points","type":"repository_data","label":"GPS height-control points","title":"GPS height-control points","citation":"GPS heights","citation_label":"GPS heights","source_label":"","summary":"406 GPS features contain height_m_above_mean_sea_level fields.","quote":"","href":"data/gps_points.geojson","date":"","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"tide-datums","html_id":"synthesis-source-tide-datums","type":"repository_data","label":"Tide-gauge datum products","title":"Tide-gauge datum products","citation":"Tide datums","citation_label":"Tide datums","source_label":"","summary":"4 rendered island tide-gauge datum records with datum figures and plots.","quote":"","href":"data/tidal-datums.json","date":"","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""}]},{"text":"Media are treated as verification objects rather than decoration. Backblaze field photos, static island maps, reference figures, sample-photo thumbnails, and datum plots are attached where they help test growth position, fabric, surface continuity, or datum control.","evidence_ids":["backblaze-media-manifest"],"sources":[{"id":"backblaze-media-manifest","html_id":"synthesis-source-backblaze-media-manifest","type":"repository_data","label":"Backblaze field media manifest","title":"Backblaze field media manifest","citation":"Backblaze media","citation_label":"Backblaze media","source_label":"","summary":"Public field photos are resolved through the Backblaze-backed media manifest where available.","quote":"","href":"data/media-manifest.json","date":"","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""}]}],"findings":[],"subsections":[],"figures":[],"tables":[{"id":"table-prior-work","kind":"references","title":"Previous-work synthesis sources","caption":"Core references read into the synthesis, with local PDFs or DOI links where available.","evidence_ids":["ref-marshall-1927","ref-marshall-1930","ref-veeh-1966","ref-wood-1967","ref-lambeck-1981","ref-stoddart-woodroffe-spencer-1990","ref-woodroffe-holocene-1990","ref-woodroffe-short-1991","ref-moriwaki-2006","ref-nakada-1996","ref-camoin-hallmann-2022","ref-du-2026"],"rows":[{"id":"ref-marshall-1927","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-marshall-1927","type":"reference","label":"Geology of Mangaia","title":"Geology of Mangaia","citation":"","citation_label":"Marshall 1927","source_label":"Museum bulletin","summary":"Early Bishop Museum description of Mangaia, including the fringing reef, terrace slope, makatea, volcanic core, and geologic history.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/marshall-1927-geology-of-mangaia.pdf","date":"","year":"1927","authors":"P. Marshall","author_short":"Marshall"},{"id":"ref-marshall-1930","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-marshall-1930","type":"reference","label":"Geology of Rarotonga and Atiu","title":"Geology of Rarotonga and Atiu","citation":"","citation_label":"Marshall 1930","source_label":"Museum bulletin","summary":"Full Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 72 scan covering Rarotonga and Atiu geology, including reef flats, makatea, igneous rocks, caves, and mapped coastal sections.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/marshall-1930-geology-of-rarotonga-and-atiu.pdf","date":"","year":"1930","authors":"P. Marshall","author_short":"Marshall"},{"id":"ref-veeh-1966","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-veeh-1966","type":"reference","label":"Th230/U238 and U234/U238 ages of Pleistocene high sea level stand","title":"Th230/U238 and U234/U238 ages of Pleistocene high sea level stand","citation":"","citation_label":"Veeh 1966","source_label":"Journal article","summary":"Reports uranium-series ages for fossil corals from emerged reefs, including two Mangaia samples used in later southern Cook Islands terrace syntheses.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/veeh-1966-th230-u238-u234-u238-ages-pleistocene-high-sea-level-stand.pdf","date":"","year":"1966","authors":"H. Herbert Veeh","author_short":"Veeh"},{"id":"ref-wood-1967","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-wood-1967","type":"reference","label":"Geology of the Cook Islands","title":"Geology of the Cook Islands","citation":"","citation_label":"Wood 1967","source_label":"Journal article","summary":"Geologic overview of all 15 islands, including volcanic history, makatea, and atoll development.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/wood-1967-geology-of-the-cook-islands.pdf","date":"","year":"1967","authors":"B. L. Wood","author_short":"Wood"},{"id":"ref-lambeck-1981","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-lambeck-1981","type":"reference","label":"Lithospheric response to volcanic loading in the Southern Cook Islands","title":"Lithospheric response to volcanic loading in the Southern Cook Islands","citation":"","citation_label":"Lambeck 1981","source_label":"Journal article","summary":"Uses uplift, bathymetry, and geoid data to model lithospheric flexure beneath the southern islands.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/lambeck-1981-lithospheric-response-volcanic-loading-southern-cook-islands.pdf","date":"","year":"1981","authors":"Kurt Lambeck","author_short":"Lambeck"},{"id":"ref-stoddart-woodroffe-spencer-1990","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-stoddart-woodroffe-spencer-1990","type":"reference","label":"Mauke, Mitiaro and Atiu: Geomorphology of Makatea Islands in the Southern Cooks","title":"Mauke, Mitiaro and Atiu: Geomorphology of Makatea Islands in the Southern Cooks","citation":"","citation_label":"Stoddart et al. 1990","source_label":"Atoll Research Bulletin","summary":"Atoll Research Bulletin 341 survey of makatea geomorphology, topographic profiles, Pleistocene limestones, coastal morphology, and Holocene coastal features on Mauke, Mitiaro, and Atiu.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/stoddart-woodroffe-spencer-1990-mauke-mitiaro-atiu-geomorphology-makatea-islands.pdf","date":"","year":"1990","authors":"D. R. Stoddart, C. D. Woodroffe, and T. Spencer","author_short":"Stoddart et al."},{"id":"ref-woodroffe-holocene-1990","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-woodroffe-holocene-1990","type":"reference","label":"Holocene emergence in the Cook Islands, South Pacific","title":"Holocene emergence in the Cook Islands, South Pacific","citation":"","citation_label":"Woodroffe et al. 1990","source_label":"Journal article","summary":"Documents Holocene emergent reef, algal-ridge, notch, and radiocarbon evidence from Suwarrow, Mitiaro, Mauke, Atiu, and Mangaia.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/BF00686719.pdf","date":"","year":"1990","authors":"C. D. Woodroffe, D. R. Stoddart, T. Spencer, T. P. Scoffin, and A. W. Tudhope","author_short":"Woodroffe et al."},{"id":"ref-woodroffe-short-1991","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-woodroffe-short-1991","type":"reference","label":"Stratigraphy and Chronology of Late Pleistocene Reefs in the Southern Cook Islands, South Pacific","title":"Stratigraphy and Chronology of Late Pleistocene Reefs in the Southern Cook Islands, South Pacific","citation":"","citation_label":"Woodroffe et al. 1991","source_label":"Journal article","summary":"Describes fossil reef and ages to constrain late Pleistocene sea-level history across the southern group.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/woodroffe-short-1991-late-pleistocene-reefs-southern-cook-islands.pdf","date":"","year":"1991","authors":"Colin D. Woodroffe and Stephen A. Short","author_short":"Woodroffe et al."},{"id":"ref-moriwaki-2006","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-moriwaki-2006","type":"reference","label":"Holocene changes in sea level and coastal environments on Rarotonga, Cook Islands, South Pacific Ocean","title":"Holocene changes in sea level and coastal environments on Rarotonga, Cook Islands, South Pacific Ocean","citation":"","citation_label":"Moriwaki et al. 2006","source_label":"Journal article","summary":"Reconstructs mid- to late-Holocene shoreline development on eastern Rarotonga from geomorphic mapping, coring, excavation, and radiocarbon dates.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/moriwaki-et-al-2006-holocene-changes-in-sea-level-and-coastal-environments-on-rarotonga-cook-islands-south-pacific-ocean.pdf","date":"","year":"2006","authors":"Hiroshi Moriwaki, Masashi Chikamori, Mitsuru Okuno, and Toshio Nakamura","author_short":"Moriwaki et al."},{"id":"ref-nakada-1996","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-nakada-1996","type":"reference","label":"Viscosity structure of the oceanic lithosphere inferred from the differential late Quaternary sea-level variations for the southern Cook Islands","title":"Viscosity structure of the oceanic lithosphere inferred from the differential late Quaternary sea-level variations for the southern Cook Islands","citation":"","citation_label":"Nakada 1996","source_label":"Journal article","summary":"Discusses lithospheric flexure beneath the southern islands using uplift, bathymetry, and geoid data.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/nakada1991.pdf","date":"","year":"1996","authors":"Masao Nakada","author_short":"Nakada"},{"id":"ref-camoin-hallmann-2022","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-camoin-hallmann-2022","type":"reference","label":"Coral Reefs and Sea-Level Change: Quaternary Records and Modelling","title":"Coral Reefs and Sea-Level Change: Quaternary Records and Modelling","citation":"","citation_label":"Camoin et al. 2022","source_label":"Edited volume","summary":"IAS Special Publication on Quaternary reef records and sea-level modelling, including Cook Islands reef-terrace context.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/camoin-hallmann-2022-coral-reefs-and-sea-level-change-quaternary-records-and-modelling.pdf","date":"","year":"2022","authors":"Gilbert F. Camoin and Nadine Hallmann","author_short":"Camoin et al."},{"id":"ref-du-2026","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-du-2026","type":"reference","label":"Discovery of young submarine volcanism in the Cook Islands: New constraints on the location of the Rarotonga hotspot","title":"Discovery of young submarine volcanism in the Cook Islands: New constraints on the location of the Rarotonga hotspot","citation":"","citation_label":"Du et al. 2026","source_label":"Journal article","summary":"Identifies very young submarine volcanism and sharpens the inferred position of the Rarotonga hotspot.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/du-et-al-2026-young-submarine-volcanism-rarotonga-hotspot.pdf","date":"","year":"2026","authors":"Yifan Du et al.","author_short":"Du et al."}]}]},{"id":"previous-work","eyebrow":"Prior work synthesis","title":"Previous Work And Geologic Frame","paragraphs":[{"text":"Marshall's early descriptions establish the historic makatea and volcanic-island vocabulary for Mangaia, Rarotonga, and Atiu, while Wood's regional synthesis frames the Cook Islands as volcanic islands and atolls with varied raised limestone development. These sources are most useful here for place names, limestone distribution, and geomorphic context, not for final age assignments.","evidence_ids":["ref-marshall-1927","ref-marshall-1930","ref-wood-1967"],"sources":[{"id":"ref-marshall-1927","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-marshall-1927","type":"reference","label":"Geology of Mangaia","title":"Geology of Mangaia","citation":"","citation_label":"Marshall 1927","source_label":"Museum bulletin","summary":"Early Bishop Museum description of Mangaia, including the fringing reef, terrace slope, makatea, volcanic core, and geologic history.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/marshall-1927-geology-of-mangaia.pdf","date":"","year":"1927","authors":"P. Marshall","author_short":"Marshall"},{"id":"ref-marshall-1930","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-marshall-1930","type":"reference","label":"Geology of Rarotonga and Atiu","title":"Geology of Rarotonga and Atiu","citation":"","citation_label":"Marshall 1930","source_label":"Museum bulletin","summary":"Full Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 72 scan covering Rarotonga and Atiu geology, including reef flats, makatea, igneous rocks, caves, and mapped coastal sections.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/marshall-1930-geology-of-rarotonga-and-atiu.pdf","date":"","year":"1930","authors":"P. Marshall","author_short":"Marshall"},{"id":"ref-wood-1967","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-wood-1967","type":"reference","label":"Geology of the Cook Islands","title":"Geology of the Cook Islands","citation":"","citation_label":"Wood 1967","source_label":"Journal article","summary":"Geologic overview of all 15 islands, including volcanic history, makatea, and atoll development.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/wood-1967-geology-of-the-cook-islands.pdf","date":"","year":"1967","authors":"B. L. Wood","author_short":"Wood"}]},{"text":"Veeh's uranium-series work and the Woodroffe and Short reef-terrace synthesis provide the main local age and stratigraphic frame for late Pleistocene reefs, including Mangaia and the southern makatea islands. The field campaign revisits this frame with denser GPS, media, and sample control, but the new sample set still requires preservation screening before age or sea-level use.","evidence_ids":["ref-veeh-1966","ref-woodroffe-short-1991","sample-manifest"],"sources":[{"id":"ref-veeh-1966","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-veeh-1966","type":"reference","label":"Th230/U238 and U234/U238 ages of Pleistocene high sea level stand","title":"Th230/U238 and U234/U238 ages of Pleistocene high sea level stand","citation":"","citation_label":"Veeh 1966","source_label":"Journal article","summary":"Reports uranium-series ages for fossil corals from emerged reefs, including two Mangaia samples used in later southern Cook Islands terrace syntheses.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/veeh-1966-th230-u238-u234-u238-ages-pleistocene-high-sea-level-stand.pdf","date":"","year":"1966","authors":"H. Herbert Veeh","author_short":"Veeh"},{"id":"ref-woodroffe-short-1991","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-woodroffe-short-1991","type":"reference","label":"Stratigraphy and Chronology of Late Pleistocene Reefs in the Southern Cook Islands, South Pacific","title":"Stratigraphy and Chronology of Late Pleistocene Reefs in the Southern Cook Islands, South Pacific","citation":"","citation_label":"Woodroffe et al. 1991","source_label":"Journal article","summary":"Describes fossil reef and ages to constrain late Pleistocene sea-level history across the southern group.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/woodroffe-short-1991-late-pleistocene-reefs-southern-cook-islands.pdf","date":"","year":"1991","authors":"Colin D. Woodroffe and Stephen A. Short","author_short":"Woodroffe et al."},{"id":"sample-manifest","html_id":"synthesis-source-sample-manifest","type":"repository_data","label":"NES fossil coral sample manifest","title":"NES fossil coral sample manifest","citation":"Sample ledger","citation_label":"Sample ledger","source_label":"","summary":"123 fossil coral sample rows and 230 matched sample photos from the NES sample outputs.","quote":"","href":"samples.html","date":"","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""}]},{"text":"Stoddart, Woodroffe, and Spencer's makatea geomorphology survey and the Woodroffe et al. Holocene emergence paper are the central local guides for distinguishing raised reef surfaces, notches, benches, coastal features, and emergent Holocene deposits on Mauke, Mitiaro, Atiu, and Mangaia.","evidence_ids":["ref-stoddart-woodroffe-spencer-1990","ref-woodroffe-holocene-1990"],"sources":[{"id":"ref-stoddart-woodroffe-spencer-1990","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-stoddart-woodroffe-spencer-1990","type":"reference","label":"Mauke, Mitiaro and Atiu: Geomorphology of Makatea Islands in the Southern Cooks","title":"Mauke, Mitiaro and Atiu: Geomorphology of Makatea Islands in the Southern Cooks","citation":"","citation_label":"Stoddart et al. 1990","source_label":"Atoll Research Bulletin","summary":"Atoll Research Bulletin 341 survey of makatea geomorphology, topographic profiles, Pleistocene limestones, coastal morphology, and Holocene coastal features on Mauke, Mitiaro, and Atiu.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/stoddart-woodroffe-spencer-1990-mauke-mitiaro-atiu-geomorphology-makatea-islands.pdf","date":"","year":"1990","authors":"D. R. Stoddart, C. D. Woodroffe, and T. Spencer","author_short":"Stoddart et al."},{"id":"ref-woodroffe-holocene-1990","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-woodroffe-holocene-1990","type":"reference","label":"Holocene emergence in the Cook Islands, South Pacific","title":"Holocene emergence in the Cook Islands, South Pacific","citation":"","citation_label":"Woodroffe et al. 1990","source_label":"Journal article","summary":"Documents Holocene emergent reef, algal-ridge, notch, and radiocarbon evidence from Suwarrow, Mitiaro, Mauke, Atiu, and Mangaia.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/BF00686719.pdf","date":"","year":"1990","authors":"C. D. Woodroffe, D. R. Stoddart, T. Spencer, T. P. Scoffin, and A. W. Tudhope","author_short":"Woodroffe et al."}]},{"text":"Lambeck and Nakada provide a lithospheric flexure and relative sea-level model context. Their role in this draft is explanatory: island-to-island elevation differences may reflect volcanic loading, flexure, GIA, and local geomorphic preservation, but models do not replace datum-tied local elevation and age control.","evidence_ids":["ref-lambeck-1981","ref-nakada-1996"],"sources":[{"id":"ref-lambeck-1981","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-lambeck-1981","type":"reference","label":"Lithospheric response to volcanic loading in the Southern Cook Islands","title":"Lithospheric response to volcanic loading in the Southern Cook Islands","citation":"","citation_label":"Lambeck 1981","source_label":"Journal article","summary":"Uses uplift, bathymetry, and geoid data to model lithospheric flexure beneath the southern islands.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/lambeck-1981-lithospheric-response-volcanic-loading-southern-cook-islands.pdf","date":"","year":"1981","authors":"Kurt Lambeck","author_short":"Lambeck"},{"id":"ref-nakada-1996","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-nakada-1996","type":"reference","label":"Viscosity structure of the oceanic lithosphere inferred from the differential late Quaternary sea-level variations for the southern Cook Islands","title":"Viscosity structure of the oceanic lithosphere inferred from the differential late Quaternary sea-level variations for the southern Cook Islands","citation":"","citation_label":"Nakada 1996","source_label":"Journal article","summary":"Discusses lithospheric flexure beneath the southern islands using uplift, bathymetry, and geoid data.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/nakada1991.pdf","date":"","year":"1996","authors":"Masao Nakada","author_short":"Nakada"}]},{"text":"Rarotonga is handled mainly as a comparison locality. Moriwaki et al. constrain Holocene coastal development at Rarotonga, and Du et al. update the volcanic context around the Rarotonga hotspot. Those sources help separate volcanic, Holocene coastal, and older carbonate signals from the raised-makatea islands.","evidence_ids":["ref-moriwaki-2006","ref-du-2026"],"sources":[{"id":"ref-moriwaki-2006","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-moriwaki-2006","type":"reference","label":"Holocene changes in sea level and coastal environments on Rarotonga, Cook Islands, South Pacific Ocean","title":"Holocene changes in sea level and coastal environments on Rarotonga, Cook Islands, South Pacific Ocean","citation":"","citation_label":"Moriwaki et al. 2006","source_label":"Journal article","summary":"Reconstructs mid- to late-Holocene shoreline development on eastern Rarotonga from geomorphic mapping, coring, excavation, and radiocarbon dates.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/moriwaki-et-al-2006-holocene-changes-in-sea-level-and-coastal-environments-on-rarotonga-cook-islands-south-pacific-ocean.pdf","date":"","year":"2006","authors":"Hiroshi Moriwaki, Masashi Chikamori, Mitsuru Okuno, and Toshio Nakamura","author_short":"Moriwaki et al."},{"id":"ref-du-2026","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-du-2026","type":"reference","label":"Discovery of young submarine volcanism in the Cook Islands: New constraints on the location of the Rarotonga hotspot","title":"Discovery of young submarine volcanism in the Cook Islands: New constraints on the location of the Rarotonga hotspot","citation":"","citation_label":"Du et al. 2026","source_label":"Journal article","summary":"Identifies very young submarine volcanism and sharpens the inferred position of the Rarotonga hotspot.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/du-et-al-2026-young-submarine-volcanism-rarotonga-hotspot.pdf","date":"","year":"2026","authors":"Yifan Du et al.","author_short":"Du et al."}]},{"text":"Camoin and Hallmann's Quaternary reef and sea-level volume supplies broader reef-terrace and modelling vocabulary. It is used here for process questions and uncertainty language, not as a substitute for local Cook Islands evidence.","evidence_ids":["ref-camoin-hallmann-2022"],"sources":[{"id":"ref-camoin-hallmann-2022","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-camoin-hallmann-2022","type":"reference","label":"Coral Reefs and Sea-Level Change: Quaternary Records and Modelling","title":"Coral Reefs and Sea-Level Change: Quaternary Records and Modelling","citation":"","citation_label":"Camoin et al. 2022","source_label":"Edited volume","summary":"IAS Special Publication on Quaternary reef records and sea-level modelling, including Cook Islands reef-terrace context.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/camoin-hallmann-2022-coral-reefs-and-sea-level-change-quaternary-records-and-modelling.pdf","date":"","year":"2022","authors":"Gilbert F. Camoin and Nadine Hallmann","author_short":"Camoin et al."}]}],"findings":[],"subsections":[],"figures":[{"id":"fig-woodroffe-atiu","kind":"image","title":"Published Atiu reef-terrace reference figure","caption":"Woodroffe and Short 1991 figure used as a locality and profile cross-check for Atiu field notes.","src":"static/img/reference-figures/woodroffe-1991-fig-2-atiu.jpg","svg":"","evidence_ids":["ref-woodroffe-short-1991"]},{"id":"fig-woodroffe-mangaia","kind":"image","title":"Published Mangaia reef-terrace reference figure","caption":"Woodroffe and Short 1991 Mangaia figure used for comparing Saragossa, Ivirua, Karanga, and higher makatea observations.","src":"static/img/reference-figures/woodroffe-1991-fig-5-mangaia.jpg","svg":"","evidence_ids":["ref-woodroffe-short-1991"]},{"id":"fig-mitiaro-reference","kind":"image","title":"Published Mitiaro reference figure","caption":"Woodroffe and Short 1991 Mitiaro figure used as a prior-work frame for HS122 to HS125 observations.","src":"static/img/reference-figures/woodroffe-1991-fig-3-mitiaro.jpg","svg":"","evidence_ids":["ref-woodroffe-short-1991"]}],"tables":[]},{"id":"island-findings","eyebrow":"Descriptive geology","title":"Island Findings","paragraphs":[],"findings":[],"subsections":[{"id":"atiu","title":"Atiu","paragraphs":[],"findings":[{"heading":"Coastal Atiu contains low benches, framework coral, and datum-dependent tide-gauge control.","text":"The earliest Atiu field notes separate South Point and nearby coastal benches from later inland makatea checks. South Point contains diverse corals, a lower surface about 0.5 m above the lagoon, and weathered lower surfaces whose Holocene versus older-reef significance remains unresolved.","evidence_ids":["field-note-2026-05-25-atiu","ref-woodroffe-short-1991"],"sources":[{"id":"field-note-2026-05-25-atiu","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-05-25-atiu","type":"field_note","label":"Atiu field note, 2026-05-25","title":"Atiu field note, 2026-05-25","citation":"Atiu 2026-05-25","citation_label":"Atiu 2026-05-25","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-05-25-atiu-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"Arrival-day work covered tide-gauge setup, first reconnaissance stops on the Atiu reef benches, South Point observations, and the harbour tide-gauge datum tie. Observation times were matched to the nearest GPS fixes in the raw field log.","quote":"{'Three tide gauges were programmed at 30 s intervals': 'one land reference and two planned water deployments.'}","href":"daily/2026-05-25/","date":"2026-05-25","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"ref-woodroffe-short-1991","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-woodroffe-short-1991","type":"reference","label":"Stratigraphy and Chronology of Late Pleistocene Reefs in the Southern Cook Islands, South Pacific","title":"Stratigraphy and Chronology of Late Pleistocene Reefs in the Southern Cook Islands, South Pacific","citation":"","citation_label":"Woodroffe et al. 1991","source_label":"Journal article","summary":"Describes fossil reef and ages to constrain late Pleistocene sea-level history across the southern group.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/woodroffe-short-1991-late-pleistocene-reefs-southern-cook-islands.pdf","date":"","year":"1991","authors":"Colin D. Woodroffe and Stephen A. Short","author_short":"Woodroffe et al."}]},{"heading":"HS101 to HS107 define a coastal-to-inland raised reef transect.","text":"Atiu recorder notes and the sample ledger document HS101 to HS107 sample sites with fossil coral rows from near 1.6 m to roughly 10 m in the current sample-altitude table. The HS107 Turua reef table is a priority because samples cluster near 9.6 to 10.2 m and because field notes describe reef-table and upper-unit relations that can be compared with published Atiu profiles.","evidence_ids":["field-note-2026-05-26-atiu","field-note-2026-05-27-atiu","field-note-2026-05-28-atiu","sample-manifest","ref-woodroffe-short-1991"],"sources":[{"id":"field-note-2026-05-26-atiu","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-05-26-atiu","type":"field_note","label":"Atiu field note, 2026-05-26","title":"Atiu field note, 2026-05-26","citation":"Atiu 2026-05-26","citation_label":"Atiu 2026-05-26","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-05-26-atiu-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"May 26 built the first detailed Atiu framework comparison at HS101 Matai and HS102 Tuaroa Beach. Field observations separate lower, large growth-position branching coral from upper Diploria-like, honeycomb, smooth, and encrusting coral forms, then tie those facies observations to HS101 samples A-G, GCPs, and drone passes. The day also records rough-wave limits at HS102, sample control on several coral morphotypes.","quote":"HS101/Matai was walked specifically to compare the observed section with Woodroffe-style lower reef, upper reef, and possible intervening sand or discontinuity questions.","href":"daily/2026-05-26/","date":"2026-05-26","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"field-note-2026-05-27-atiu","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-05-27-atiu","type":"field_note","label":"Atiu field note, 2026-05-27","title":"Atiu field note, 2026-05-27","citation":"Atiu 2026-05-27","citation_label":"Atiu 2026-05-27","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-05-27-atiu-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"May 27 focused on the Cook's Landing/Oravaru HS103 and Tangaroa harbor HS104 exposures as context for Atiu's published makatea stratigraphy: lower in situ reef, sand or discontinuity, and upper rubble or reef units. Field observations and GPS ties document sand sheets over coral framework, drone control and sample layout, a fresh harbor-wall comparison, and an inland recrystallized makatea check at Old Canyon.","quote":"Cook's Landing exposes a lower growth-position coral framework with brain, stony, and branching corals that is draped and infilled by coarse angular sand, coral clasts, and breccia blocks.","href":"daily/2026-05-27/","date":"2026-05-27","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"field-note-2026-05-28-atiu","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-05-28-atiu","type":"field_note","label":"Atiu field note, 2026-05-28","title":"Atiu field note, 2026-05-28","citation":"Atiu 2026-05-28","citation_label":"Atiu 2026-05-28","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-05-28-atiu-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"May 28 tied the Old Canyon/HS105 road stop, the Tarapaku/HS106 coast, and the Turua HS107 reef table into the Atiu makatea framework built over the previous two days. The added Tarapaku reef-flat observations sharpen the morning interpretation: the landing/notch area has massive Porites-rich framework, reef-flat microatolls, Halimeda and diverse corals, and a hard cemented shell/grain surface that may help identify.","quote":"Tarapaku landing has an accessible steep path and canoe-ramp area, massive Porites-rich framework, and a 1-3 m coastal notch; photos targeted a large Porites colony with borings, encrusters, branching corals, and a notch to check later with drone imagery and GPS elevation control.","href":"daily/2026-05-28/","date":"2026-05-28","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"sample-manifest","html_id":"synthesis-source-sample-manifest","type":"repository_data","label":"NES fossil coral sample manifest","title":"NES fossil coral sample manifest","citation":"Sample ledger","citation_label":"Sample ledger","source_label":"","summary":"123 fossil coral sample rows and 230 matched sample photos from the NES sample outputs.","quote":"","href":"samples.html","date":"","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"ref-woodroffe-short-1991","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-woodroffe-short-1991","type":"reference","label":"Stratigraphy and Chronology of Late Pleistocene Reefs in the Southern Cook Islands, South Pacific","title":"Stratigraphy and Chronology of Late Pleistocene Reefs in the Southern Cook Islands, South Pacific","citation":"","citation_label":"Woodroffe et al. 1991","source_label":"Journal article","summary":"Describes fossil reef and ages to constrain late Pleistocene sea-level history across the southern group.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/woodroffe-short-1991-late-pleistocene-reefs-southern-cook-islands.pdf","date":"","year":"1991","authors":"Colin D. Woodroffe and Stephen A. Short","author_short":"Woodroffe et al."}]},{"heading":"Inland quarry and makatea observations require preservation screening.","text":"The May 29 quarry note describes heavily recrystallized makatea with reef texture and corals still visible in close-up. This is valuable for geometry and alteration context, but poor preservation would weaken U-series suitability unless aragonite and closed-system behavior are verified.","evidence_ids":["field-note-2026-05-29-atiu","sea-level-indicator-guardrails"],"sources":[{"id":"field-note-2026-05-29-atiu","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-05-29-atiu","type":"field_note","label":"Atiu field note, 2026-05-29","title":"Atiu field note, 2026-05-29","citation":"Atiu 2026-05-29","citation_label":"Atiu 2026-05-29","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-05-29-atiu-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"May 29 adds a short Atiu quarry check after the earlier coastal work. The 09:51 CKT observation and the top-of-quarry EOS rows at 10:06-10:10 place the team in a heavily recrystallized inland makatea exposure with flowstone, probable calcite crystals, micrite-like fabric, and still-visible reef texture/corals. This fits the published caution that inland Atiu makatea can be older and more altered than the late.","quote":"The quarry road was blocked by a locked gate, but the team had permission and accessed the site around the right side of the gate.","href":"daily/2026-05-29/","date":"2026-05-29","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"sea-level-indicator-guardrails","html_id":"synthesis-source-sea-level-indicator-guardrails","type":"method","label":"Sea-level indicator guardrails","title":"Sea-level indicator guardrails","citation":"Indicator guardrails","citation_label":"Indicator guardrails","source_label":"Cook Islands carbonate synthesis skill","summary":"Use growth-position corals, microatolls, coralgal or vermetid rims, datum-tied reef framework, and measured water-level transects as stronger indicators; treat loose rubble, storm boulders, weathered notches, cave fill, and recrystallized makatea as provisional.","quote":"Do not use a U-series age as sea-level evidence unless growth position, elevation, and indicative meaning are also constrained.","href":"","date":"","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""}]}]},{"id":"mangaia","title":"Mangaia","paragraphs":[],"findings":[{"heading":"Mangaia exposes the clearest multi-level reef-framework problem.","text":"HS108 to HS115 span harbor reef-flat observations, the Saragossa framework, Araoa cave and notch hypotheses, Ivirua and Karanga framework comparisons, higher makatea checks, intermediate patch reefs, and a shoreward transect. The field notes repeatedly distinguish dense framework coral from recrystallized grainstone, cave or notch fill, and possible patch-reef relief.","evidence_ids":["field-note-2026-06-01-mangaia","field-note-2026-06-02-mangaia","field-note-2026-06-03-mangaia","field-note-2026-06-04-mangaia","ref-marshall-1927","ref-woodroffe-short-1991"],"sources":[{"id":"field-note-2026-06-01-mangaia","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-06-01-mangaia","type":"field_note","label":"Mangaia field note, 2026-06-01","title":"Mangaia field note, 2026-06-01","citation":"Mangaia 2026-06-01","citation_label":"Mangaia 2026-06-01","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-06-01-mangaia-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"June 1 opened the Mangaia work with transfer logistics, the first harbor tide-gauge and reef-flat observations, and an afternoon traverse across the Saragossa HS109 fossil-reef outcrop. Field observations and Cook Atlas points distinguish the lower harbor flat from the higher coral-framework reef, then record HS109 samples, GCPs, recrystallized grainstone, and an inland coral head near the next cliff.","quote":"Harbor observations separate perched beachrock, modern to lower intertidal reef-flat fabric, and candidate older reef framework, but the age relation remains unresolved.","href":"daily/2026-06-01/","date":"2026-06-01","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"field-note-2026-06-02-mangaia","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-06-02-mangaia","type":"field_note","label":"Mangaia field note, 2026-06-02","title":"Mangaia field note, 2026-06-02","citation":"Mangaia 2026-06-02","citation_label":"Mangaia 2026-06-02","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-06-02-mangaia-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"June 2 concentrated on three Mangaia fossil-reef sites plus a harbor tide-gauge repeat. Araoa HS110 tested cave, notch, infill, and dated-coral hypotheses at the coast. HS111 Ivirua then documented a large growth-position framework reef and candidate older reef flat, and HS112 Karanga added a late afternoon comparison site with in-situ corals, modern low-tide reef-flat exposure, samples, and GCPs.","quote":"Araoa HS110 preserves coastal framework, cave or notch geometry, platy grainstone, high Porites, possible Holocene patch reef, and several competing infill models.","href":"daily/2026-06-02/","date":"2026-06-02","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"field-note-2026-06-03-mangaia","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-06-03-mangaia","type":"field_note","label":"Mangaia field note, 2026-06-03","title":"Mangaia field note, 2026-06-03","citation":"Mangaia 2026-06-03","citation_label":"Mangaia 2026-06-03","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-06-03-mangaia-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"June 3 extended the Saragossa work upward and inland across Mangaia's makatea cliff sequence. The day documented a high makatea drive stop, a traverse on the second cliff above the earlier Saragossa outcrop, groove, notch, fracture, and cobble features with uncertain origin, and the HS113 intermediate patch-reef survey with samples and GCPs late in the day.","quote":"High makatea and second-cliff observations fit Mangaia's stepped raised-reef geomorphology, but local contacts between first cliff, second bench, and higher cliff remain uncertain.","href":"daily/2026-06-03/","date":"2026-06-03","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"field-note-2026-06-04-mangaia","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-06-04-mangaia","type":"field_note","label":"Mangaia field note, 2026-06-04","title":"Mangaia field note, 2026-06-04","citation":"Mangaia 2026-06-04","citation_label":"Mangaia 2026-06-04","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-06-04-mangaia-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"June 4 paired a morning modern tidal-flat survey at HS114 Araoa Beach 2 with afternoon HS115 work across a shoreward transect, samples, GCPs, and a higher reef near the second high cliff. The morning work emphasized water-depth and datum control, followed by increasingly complex afternoon questions about in-situ framework, vegetation-weathering effects, fallen cliff blocks, sea-cave collapse, and possible.","quote":"HS114 provides modern reef-flat water-depth and GCP control that can calibrate fossil reef-flat interpretations elsewhere on Mangaia.","href":"daily/2026-06-04/","date":"2026-06-04","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"ref-marshall-1927","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-marshall-1927","type":"reference","label":"Geology of Mangaia","title":"Geology of Mangaia","citation":"","citation_label":"Marshall 1927","source_label":"Museum bulletin","summary":"Early Bishop Museum description of Mangaia, including the fringing reef, terrace slope, makatea, volcanic core, and geologic history.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/marshall-1927-geology-of-mangaia.pdf","date":"","year":"1927","authors":"P. Marshall","author_short":"Marshall"},{"id":"ref-woodroffe-short-1991","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-woodroffe-short-1991","type":"reference","label":"Stratigraphy and Chronology of Late Pleistocene Reefs in the Southern Cook Islands, South Pacific","title":"Stratigraphy and Chronology of Late Pleistocene Reefs in the Southern Cook Islands, South Pacific","citation":"","citation_label":"Woodroffe et al. 1991","source_label":"Journal article","summary":"Describes fossil reef and ages to constrain late Pleistocene sea-level history across the southern group.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/woodroffe-short-1991-late-pleistocene-reefs-southern-cook-islands.pdf","date":"","year":"1991","authors":"Colin D. Woodroffe and Stephen A. Short","author_short":"Woodroffe et al."}]},{"heading":"Saragossa and adjacent high surfaces should be treated as a correlation problem, not one surface.","text":"HS109 records dense channelized coral framework and an inland cliff-base check; HS113 records intermediate highs that may be patch reefs or channelized highs rather than a continuous terrace. HS115 extends the shoreward transect to higher sample altitudes in the ledger. These relations make Mangaia a strong target for drone-map correlation before age interpretation.","evidence_ids":["field-note-2026-06-01-mangaia","field-note-2026-06-03-mangaia","field-note-2026-06-04-mangaia","sample-manifest"],"sources":[{"id":"field-note-2026-06-01-mangaia","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-06-01-mangaia","type":"field_note","label":"Mangaia field note, 2026-06-01","title":"Mangaia field note, 2026-06-01","citation":"Mangaia 2026-06-01","citation_label":"Mangaia 2026-06-01","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-06-01-mangaia-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"June 1 opened the Mangaia work with transfer logistics, the first harbor tide-gauge and reef-flat observations, and an afternoon traverse across the Saragossa HS109 fossil-reef outcrop. Field observations and Cook Atlas points distinguish the lower harbor flat from the higher coral-framework reef, then record HS109 samples, GCPs, recrystallized grainstone, and an inland coral head near the next cliff.","quote":"Harbor observations separate perched beachrock, modern to lower intertidal reef-flat fabric, and candidate older reef framework, but the age relation remains unresolved.","href":"daily/2026-06-01/","date":"2026-06-01","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"field-note-2026-06-03-mangaia","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-06-03-mangaia","type":"field_note","label":"Mangaia field note, 2026-06-03","title":"Mangaia field note, 2026-06-03","citation":"Mangaia 2026-06-03","citation_label":"Mangaia 2026-06-03","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-06-03-mangaia-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"June 3 extended the Saragossa work upward and inland across Mangaia's makatea cliff sequence. The day documented a high makatea drive stop, a traverse on the second cliff above the earlier Saragossa outcrop, groove, notch, fracture, and cobble features with uncertain origin, and the HS113 intermediate patch-reef survey with samples and GCPs late in the day.","quote":"High makatea and second-cliff observations fit Mangaia's stepped raised-reef geomorphology, but local contacts between first cliff, second bench, and higher cliff remain uncertain.","href":"daily/2026-06-03/","date":"2026-06-03","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"field-note-2026-06-04-mangaia","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-06-04-mangaia","type":"field_note","label":"Mangaia field note, 2026-06-04","title":"Mangaia field note, 2026-06-04","citation":"Mangaia 2026-06-04","citation_label":"Mangaia 2026-06-04","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-06-04-mangaia-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"June 4 paired a morning modern tidal-flat survey at HS114 Araoa Beach 2 with afternoon HS115 work across a shoreward transect, samples, GCPs, and a higher reef near the second high cliff. The morning work emphasized water-depth and datum control, followed by increasingly complex afternoon questions about in-situ framework, vegetation-weathering effects, fallen cliff blocks, sea-cave collapse, and possible.","quote":"HS114 provides modern reef-flat water-depth and GCP control that can calibrate fossil reef-flat interpretations elsewhere on Mangaia.","href":"daily/2026-06-04/","date":"2026-06-04","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"sample-manifest","html_id":"synthesis-source-sample-manifest","type":"repository_data","label":"NES fossil coral sample manifest","title":"NES fossil coral sample manifest","citation":"Sample ledger","citation_label":"Sample ledger","source_label":"","summary":"123 fossil coral sample rows and 230 matched sample photos from the NES sample outputs.","quote":"","href":"samples.html","date":"","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""}]},{"heading":"Araoa, Ivirua, and Karanga preserve useful but different indicator classes.","text":"Araoa HS110 includes cave, notch, infill, and dated-coral hypotheses; Ivirua HS111 emphasizes growth-position framework and possible notch or crust horizons; Karanga HS112 provides a framework comparison with nearby modern reef-flat exposure. These are not interchangeable indicators and should carry separate indicative-meaning fields in future revisions.","evidence_ids":["field-note-2026-06-02-mangaia","sea-level-indicator-guardrails"],"sources":[{"id":"field-note-2026-06-02-mangaia","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-06-02-mangaia","type":"field_note","label":"Mangaia field note, 2026-06-02","title":"Mangaia field note, 2026-06-02","citation":"Mangaia 2026-06-02","citation_label":"Mangaia 2026-06-02","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-06-02-mangaia-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"June 2 concentrated on three Mangaia fossil-reef sites plus a harbor tide-gauge repeat. Araoa HS110 tested cave, notch, infill, and dated-coral hypotheses at the coast. HS111 Ivirua then documented a large growth-position framework reef and candidate older reef flat, and HS112 Karanga added a late afternoon comparison site with in-situ corals, modern low-tide reef-flat exposure, samples, and GCPs.","quote":"Araoa HS110 preserves coastal framework, cave or notch geometry, platy grainstone, high Porites, possible Holocene patch reef, and several competing infill models.","href":"daily/2026-06-02/","date":"2026-06-02","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"sea-level-indicator-guardrails","html_id":"synthesis-source-sea-level-indicator-guardrails","type":"method","label":"Sea-level indicator guardrails","title":"Sea-level indicator guardrails","citation":"Indicator guardrails","citation_label":"Indicator guardrails","source_label":"Cook Islands carbonate synthesis skill","summary":"Use growth-position corals, microatolls, coralgal or vermetid rims, datum-tied reef framework, and measured water-level transects as stronger indicators; treat loose rubble, storm boulders, weathered notches, cave fill, and recrystallized makatea as provisional.","quote":"Do not use a U-series age as sea-level evidence unless growth position, elevation, and indicative meaning are also constrained.","href":"","date":"","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""}]}]},{"id":"mauke","title":"Mauke","paragraphs":[],"findings":[{"heading":"Mauke fieldwork ties modern flats, western-road sections, quarry exposures, and north-coast reef to one island transect.","text":"Mauke observations begin with harbor tide-gauge setup and continue through the main raised-reef transect on June 6, a north and northeast traverse on June 7, and a June 8 gauge removal and follow-up. The sample ledger records HS116 through HS121 fossil coral rows, with several low coastal and higher makatea values that need datum reconciliation.","evidence_ids":["field-note-2026-06-05-mauke","field-note-2026-06-06-mauke","field-note-2026-06-07-mauke","field-note-2026-06-08-mauke","sample-manifest","tide-datums"],"sources":[{"id":"field-note-2026-06-05-mauke","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-06-05-mauke","type":"field_note","label":"Mauke field note, 2026-06-05","title":"Mauke field note, 2026-06-05","citation":"Mauke 2026-06-05","citation_label":"Mauke 2026-06-05","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-06-05-mauke-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"June 5 was a short Mauke arrival and setup day. The team placed the harbor tide gauge and measured the concrete reference above it, then made a late Tukuna Beach reconnaissance where broad spur-and-groove topography, possible encruster growth, and weathered bioencrusted outcrop tops were noted without assigning age.","quote":"A tide gauge was placed in a protected Mauke harbor hole beside the road, apparently exposed near low tide.","href":"daily/2026-06-05/","date":"2026-06-05","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"field-note-2026-06-06-mauke","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-06-06-mauke","type":"field_note","label":"Mauke field note, 2026-06-06","title":"Mauke field note, 2026-06-06","citation":"Mauke 2026-06-06","citation_label":"Mauke 2026-06-06","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-06-06-mauke-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"June 6 was the main Mauke raised-reef transect day. The team checked modern reef-flat and western-road exposures, then worked HS116 Anaraura, HS117, and HS118 Tukume, documenting two-layer reef relations, in-situ versus rubble uncertainty, Tridacna and coral samples, GCPs, and several sighted height offsets that require careful datum handling.","quote":"Modern reef-flat checks documented living or recently active vermetid hardground, calcareous algae, encrusters, corals in small holes, and sand or bedrock filling grooves.","href":"daily/2026-06-06/","date":"2026-06-06","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"field-note-2026-06-07-mauke","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-06-07-mauke","type":"field_note","label":"Mauke field note, 2026-06-07","title":"Mauke field note, 2026-06-07","citation":"Mauke 2026-06-07","citation_label":"Mauke 2026-06-07","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-06-07-mauke-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"June 7 focused on Mauke sites that can tie modern reef-flat observations, GPS/GCP control, and raised makatea exposures back to the Stoddart/Woodroffe Uriaata and Aanga profile framework. The strongest observations are descriptive rather than age-diagnostic: HS119 at Uriaata preserves raised spur-and-groove reef fabric, large Porites, modern reef-flat microatolls, bioencrusted fossil coral tops, and possible.","quote":"HS119 at Uriaata was linked to the Woodroffe and Stoddart profile framework; the field notes describe an about 8 m spur, higher carbonate outcrops upslope, and large in-situ Porites.","href":"daily/2026-06-07/","date":"2026-06-07","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"field-note-2026-06-08-mauke","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-06-08-mauke","type":"field_note","label":"Mauke field note, 2026-06-08","title":"Mauke field note, 2026-06-08","citation":"Mauke 2026-06-08","citation_label":"Mauke 2026-06-08","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-06-08-mauke-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"June 8 was a short Mauke wrap-up day. The team removed the Mauke harbor tide gauge and revisited HS120 Arapaea for a drone refly after the prior flight apparently failed to record photographs.","quote":"The Mauke harbor tide gauge was removed before departure.","href":"daily/2026-06-08/","date":"2026-06-08","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"sample-manifest","html_id":"synthesis-source-sample-manifest","type":"repository_data","label":"NES fossil coral sample manifest","title":"NES fossil coral sample manifest","citation":"Sample ledger","citation_label":"Sample ledger","source_label":"","summary":"123 fossil coral sample rows and 230 matched sample photos from the NES sample outputs.","quote":"","href":"samples.html","date":"","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"tide-datums","html_id":"synthesis-source-tide-datums","type":"repository_data","label":"Tide-gauge datum products","title":"Tide-gauge datum products","citation":"Tide datums","citation_label":"Tide datums","source_label":"","summary":"4 rendered island tide-gauge datum records with datum figures and plots.","quote":"","href":"data/tidal-datums.json","date":"","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""}]},{"heading":"Low coastal samples and higher makatea samples should not be merged before fabric review.","text":"The Mauke sample spread includes negative or near-zero ledger altitudes at HS116, low coastal HS117 and HS119 points, and higher HS118, HS120, and HS121 rows. That distribution is useful only after checking whether each sampled material is in-place framework, reworked coral, beach or storm deposit, or altered makatea.","evidence_ids":["sample-manifest","sea-level-indicator-guardrails","ref-stoddart-woodroffe-spencer-1990"],"sources":[{"id":"sample-manifest","html_id":"synthesis-source-sample-manifest","type":"repository_data","label":"NES fossil coral sample manifest","title":"NES fossil coral sample manifest","citation":"Sample ledger","citation_label":"Sample ledger","source_label":"","summary":"123 fossil coral sample rows and 230 matched sample photos from the NES sample outputs.","quote":"","href":"samples.html","date":"","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"sea-level-indicator-guardrails","html_id":"synthesis-source-sea-level-indicator-guardrails","type":"method","label":"Sea-level indicator guardrails","title":"Sea-level indicator guardrails","citation":"Indicator guardrails","citation_label":"Indicator guardrails","source_label":"Cook Islands carbonate synthesis skill","summary":"Use growth-position corals, microatolls, coralgal or vermetid rims, datum-tied reef framework, and measured water-level transects as stronger indicators; treat loose rubble, storm boulders, weathered notches, cave fill, and recrystallized makatea as provisional.","quote":"Do not use a U-series age as sea-level evidence unless growth position, elevation, and indicative meaning are also constrained.","href":"","date":"","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"ref-stoddart-woodroffe-spencer-1990","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-stoddart-woodroffe-spencer-1990","type":"reference","label":"Mauke, Mitiaro and Atiu: Geomorphology of Makatea Islands in the Southern Cooks","title":"Mauke, Mitiaro and Atiu: Geomorphology of Makatea Islands in the Southern Cooks","citation":"","citation_label":"Stoddart et al. 1990","source_label":"Atoll Research Bulletin","summary":"Atoll Research Bulletin 341 survey of makatea geomorphology, topographic profiles, Pleistocene limestones, coastal morphology, and Holocene coastal features on Mauke, Mitiaro, and Atiu.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/stoddart-woodroffe-spencer-1990-mauke-mitiaro-atiu-geomorphology-makatea-islands.pdf","date":"","year":"1990","authors":"D. R. Stoddart, C. D. Woodroffe, and T. Spencer","author_short":"Stoddart et al."}]}]},{"id":"mitiaro","title":"Mitiaro","paragraphs":[],"findings":[{"heading":"Mitiaro records a particularly important Holocene-versus-older-reef ambiguity.","text":"HS122 to HS125 notes describe the reef flat, Te Rotonui perched-beach or eolianite-like sand, coral-rich outcrop below the sand, possible Holocene notch fill, spur-top corals, and west-side clast or sand surfaces. The notes repeatedly flag difficulty separating Holocene fill from older reef limestone.","evidence_ids":["field-note-2026-06-09-mitiaro","field-note-2026-06-10-mitiaro","field-note-2026-06-11-mitiaro","ref-stoddart-woodroffe-spencer-1990","ref-woodroffe-short-1991"],"sources":[{"id":"field-note-2026-06-09-mitiaro","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-06-09-mitiaro","type":"field_note","label":"Mitiaro field note, 2026-06-09","title":"Mitiaro field note, 2026-06-09","citation":"Mitiaro 2026-06-09","citation_label":"Mitiaro 2026-06-09","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-06-09-mitiaro-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"June 9 was the first full Mitiaro recorder day. Work began with a temporary tide-gauge deployment at Mitiaro Harbor, then moved through a morning makatea and reef-outcrop reconnaissance, a south-coast reddish-weathering check, and afternoon HS122 work at Teunu. The recorder notes document control points, sample labels, possible U-series targets, storm-affected boulders, a vegetated low-pool/ledge feature, and.","quote":"Mitiaro Harbor tide-gauge control was started, including a 191 cm offset from the tide-gauge rock to the concrete harbor surface; the exact gauge reference point still needs datum reconciliation.","href":"daily/2026-06-09/","date":"2026-06-09","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"field-note-2026-06-10-mitiaro","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-06-10-mitiaro","type":"field_note","label":"Mitiaro field note, 2026-06-10","title":"Mitiaro field note, 2026-06-10","citation":"Mitiaro 2026-06-10","citation_label":"Mitiaro 2026-06-10","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-06-10-mitiaro-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"June 10 focused on Mitiaro HS123 along the Te Rotonui road and a later HS124 reef-flat stop. The recorder notes document a perched-beach or eolianite-like sand layer, coral-rich outcrop below it, possible Holocene notch fill, ambiguous MIS 5e versus Holocene relations, sample and GCP control, and modern reef-flat water-level observations.","quote":"At HS123, a top sand layer was described as angular and perched-beach or eolianite-like, probably linked to high-energy events rather than a textbook well-sorted eolianite.","href":"daily/2026-06-10/","date":"2026-06-10","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"field-note-2026-06-11-mitiaro","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-06-11-mitiaro","type":"field_note","label":"Mitiaro field note, 2026-06-11","title":"Mitiaro field note, 2026-06-11","citation":"Mitiaro 2026-06-11","citation_label":"Mitiaro 2026-06-11","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-06-11-mitiaro-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"June 11 added a short Mitiaro HS125 stop and a high-energy west-side beach check. The field notes emphasize backreef and spur relief, uncertainty in separating Holocene from MIS 5e material near sea level, recent sand mobility, and the possibility that perched beaches explain sand bodies seen high on windy coasts.","quote":"At HS125, the backreef or broad landward surface appears higher than the spurs, producing a gentle slope toward the road.","href":"daily/2026-06-11/","date":"2026-06-11","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"ref-stoddart-woodroffe-spencer-1990","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-stoddart-woodroffe-spencer-1990","type":"reference","label":"Mauke, Mitiaro and Atiu: Geomorphology of Makatea Islands in the Southern Cooks","title":"Mauke, Mitiaro and Atiu: Geomorphology of Makatea Islands in the Southern Cooks","citation":"","citation_label":"Stoddart et al. 1990","source_label":"Atoll Research Bulletin","summary":"Atoll Research Bulletin 341 survey of makatea geomorphology, topographic profiles, Pleistocene limestones, coastal morphology, and Holocene coastal features on Mauke, Mitiaro, and Atiu.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/stoddart-woodroffe-spencer-1990-mauke-mitiaro-atiu-geomorphology-makatea-islands.pdf","date":"","year":"1990","authors":"D. R. Stoddart, C. D. Woodroffe, and T. Spencer","author_short":"Stoddart et al."},{"id":"ref-woodroffe-short-1991","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-woodroffe-short-1991","type":"reference","label":"Stratigraphy and Chronology of Late Pleistocene Reefs in the Southern Cook Islands, South Pacific","title":"Stratigraphy and Chronology of Late Pleistocene Reefs in the Southern Cook Islands, South Pacific","citation":"","citation_label":"Woodroffe et al. 1991","source_label":"Journal article","summary":"Describes fossil reef and ages to constrain late Pleistocene sea-level history across the southern group.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/woodroffe-short-1991-late-pleistocene-reefs-southern-cook-islands.pdf","date":"","year":"1991","authors":"Colin D. Woodroffe and Stephen A. Short","author_short":"Woodroffe et al."}]},{"heading":"HS123 sample-height offsets need receiver and photo-geometry reconciliation.","text":"The HS123 recorder notes include GCP1, GCP4, GCP8, GCP12, samples C, D, and G, plus sighted offsets of about 104 cm and 170 cm above the GPS pole bottom for selected samples. Those offsets should be reconciled before the sample altitudes are used as sea-level indicators.","evidence_ids":["field-note-2026-06-10-mitiaro","sample-manifest","gps-height-points"],"sources":[{"id":"field-note-2026-06-10-mitiaro","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-06-10-mitiaro","type":"field_note","label":"Mitiaro field note, 2026-06-10","title":"Mitiaro field note, 2026-06-10","citation":"Mitiaro 2026-06-10","citation_label":"Mitiaro 2026-06-10","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-06-10-mitiaro-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"June 10 focused on Mitiaro HS123 along the Te Rotonui road and a later HS124 reef-flat stop. The recorder notes document a perched-beach or eolianite-like sand layer, coral-rich outcrop below it, possible Holocene notch fill, ambiguous MIS 5e versus Holocene relations, sample and GCP control, and modern reef-flat water-level observations.","quote":"At HS123, a top sand layer was described as angular and perched-beach or eolianite-like, probably linked to high-energy events rather than a textbook well-sorted eolianite.","href":"daily/2026-06-10/","date":"2026-06-10","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"sample-manifest","html_id":"synthesis-source-sample-manifest","type":"repository_data","label":"NES fossil coral sample manifest","title":"NES fossil coral sample manifest","citation":"Sample ledger","citation_label":"Sample ledger","source_label":"","summary":"123 fossil coral sample rows and 230 matched sample photos from the NES sample outputs.","quote":"","href":"samples.html","date":"","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"gps-height-points","html_id":"synthesis-source-gps-height-points","type":"repository_data","label":"GPS height-control points","title":"GPS height-control points","citation":"GPS heights","citation_label":"GPS heights","source_label":"","summary":"406 GPS features contain height_m_above_mean_sea_level fields.","quote":"","href":"data/gps_points.geojson","date":"","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""}]},{"heading":"Mitiaro datum work now belongs in the same evidence chain as HS122 to HS125.","text":"The Mitiaro harbor records include tide-gauge installation, temporary datum ties, and removal bookkeeping. The current report treats these as height-control evidence, not as new outcrop observations.","evidence_ids":["field-note-2026-06-09-mitiaro","field-note-2026-06-12-mitiaro","tide-datums"],"sources":[{"id":"field-note-2026-06-09-mitiaro","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-06-09-mitiaro","type":"field_note","label":"Mitiaro field note, 2026-06-09","title":"Mitiaro field note, 2026-06-09","citation":"Mitiaro 2026-06-09","citation_label":"Mitiaro 2026-06-09","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-06-09-mitiaro-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"June 9 was the first full Mitiaro recorder day. Work began with a temporary tide-gauge deployment at Mitiaro Harbor, then moved through a morning makatea and reef-outcrop reconnaissance, a south-coast reddish-weathering check, and afternoon HS122 work at Teunu. The recorder notes document control points, sample labels, possible U-series targets, storm-affected boulders, a vegetated low-pool/ledge feature, and.","quote":"Mitiaro Harbor tide-gauge control was started, including a 191 cm offset from the tide-gauge rock to the concrete harbor surface; the exact gauge reference point still needs datum reconciliation.","href":"daily/2026-06-09/","date":"2026-06-09","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"field-note-2026-06-12-mitiaro","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-06-12-mitiaro","type":"field_note","label":"Mitiaro field note, 2026-06-12","title":"Mitiaro field note, 2026-06-12","citation":"Mitiaro 2026-06-12","citation_label":"Mitiaro 2026-06-12","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-06-12-mitiaro-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"June 12 contains a single Mitiaro harbor recorder note documenting removal of the temporary tide gauge before departure. The scientific use is datum bookkeeping rather than a new outcrop observation.","quote":"The temporary Mitiaro harbor tide gauge had been removed a few minutes before the recorder mark.","href":"daily/2026-06-12/","date":"2026-06-12","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"tide-datums","html_id":"synthesis-source-tide-datums","type":"repository_data","label":"Tide-gauge datum products","title":"Tide-gauge datum products","citation":"Tide datums","citation_label":"Tide datums","source_label":"","summary":"4 rendered island tide-gauge datum records with datum figures and plots.","quote":"","href":"data/tidal-datums.json","date":"","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""}]}]},{"id":"rarotonga","title":"Rarotonga Comparison","paragraphs":[],"findings":[{"heading":"Ngatangiia is a comparison site for modern notch and older reef-terrace ambiguity.","text":"The Rarotonga stop at Ngatangiia documents low-tide reef-flat exposure, a modern notch check, possible vermetid or worm-tube zonation, weathered coral blocks, and higher reef-terrace outcrop. It is valuable mainly as a biological and geomorphic comparison for distinguishing modern, Holocene, and older fabric.","evidence_ids":["field-note-2026-05-31-rarotonga","ref-moriwaki-2006","ref-du-2026"],"sources":[{"id":"field-note-2026-05-31-rarotonga","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-05-31-rarotonga","type":"field_note","label":"Rarotonga field note, 2026-05-31","title":"Rarotonga field note, 2026-05-31","citation":"Rarotonga 2026-05-31","citation_label":"Rarotonga 2026-05-31","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-05-31-rarotonga-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"May 31 focused on the Ngatangiia east-coast reef terrace at low tide, with field observations matched to the published Gischler/Moriwaki Ngatangiia reference locality. The notes separate a lower tidal bench and modern notch check from a slightly higher, road-adjacent reef-terrace outcrop. Field observations include large but weathered coral blocks, possible growth-position branching corals, encruster-like plates.","quote":"The stop is co-located with the Ngatangiia reference station in the published Rarotonga reef-terrace work, not a new isolated locality.","href":"daily/2026-05-31/","date":"2026-05-31","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"ref-moriwaki-2006","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-moriwaki-2006","type":"reference","label":"Holocene changes in sea level and coastal environments on Rarotonga, Cook Islands, South Pacific Ocean","title":"Holocene changes in sea level and coastal environments on Rarotonga, Cook Islands, South Pacific Ocean","citation":"","citation_label":"Moriwaki et al. 2006","source_label":"Journal article","summary":"Reconstructs mid- to late-Holocene shoreline development on eastern Rarotonga from geomorphic mapping, coring, excavation, and radiocarbon dates.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/moriwaki-et-al-2006-holocene-changes-in-sea-level-and-coastal-environments-on-rarotonga-cook-islands-south-pacific-ocean.pdf","date":"","year":"2006","authors":"Hiroshi Moriwaki, Masashi Chikamori, Mitsuru Okuno, and Toshio Nakamura","author_short":"Moriwaki et al."},{"id":"ref-du-2026","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-du-2026","type":"reference","label":"Discovery of young submarine volcanism in the Cook Islands: New constraints on the location of the Rarotonga hotspot","title":"Discovery of young submarine volcanism in the Cook Islands: New constraints on the location of the Rarotonga hotspot","citation":"","citation_label":"Du et al. 2026","source_label":"Journal article","summary":"Identifies very young submarine volcanism and sharpens the inferred position of the Rarotonga hotspot.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/du-et-al-2026-young-submarine-volcanism-rarotonga-hotspot.pdf","date":"","year":"2026","authors":"Yifan Du et al.","author_short":"Du et al."}]}]}],"figures":[],"tables":[]},{"id":"cross-island-synthesis","eyebrow":"Stratigraphic themes","title":"Cross-Island Synthesis","paragraphs":[],"findings":[{"heading":"Growth position is the central discriminator.","text":"The most useful observations are places where coral colonies, coralgal crusts, microatoll-like rims, or vermetid/coralline zones can be tied to position and elevation. Loose coral, quarry blocks, cobbles, beachrock slabs, sand caps, and heavily recrystallized makatea remain lower-confidence sea-level indicators until the field relation is resolved.","evidence_ids":["sea-level-indicator-guardrails","field-note-corpus"],"sources":[{"id":"sea-level-indicator-guardrails","html_id":"synthesis-source-sea-level-indicator-guardrails","type":"method","label":"Sea-level indicator guardrails","title":"Sea-level indicator guardrails","citation":"Indicator guardrails","citation_label":"Indicator guardrails","source_label":"Cook Islands carbonate synthesis skill","summary":"Use growth-position corals, microatolls, coralgal or vermetid rims, datum-tied reef framework, and measured water-level transects as stronger indicators; treat loose rubble, storm boulders, weathered notches, cave fill, and recrystallized makatea as provisional.","quote":"Do not use a U-series age as sea-level evidence unless growth position, elevation, and indicative meaning are also constrained.","href":"","date":"","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"field-note-corpus","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-corpus","type":"repository_data","label":"Recorder-derived field-note YAML","title":"Recorder-derived field-note YAML","citation":"Field notes","citation_label":"Field notes","source_label":"","summary":"18 normalized field-note records loaded from data/field_notes.","quote":"","href":"data/field_notes.json","date":"","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""}]},{"heading":"Surfaces may be diachronous or composite.","text":"Repeated field notes describe multiple surfaces at single HS sites: lower flats, cave or notch fill, higher coral framework, patchy intermediate highs, and inland recrystallized limestone. The synthesis therefore treats \"the terrace\" at a site as a question, not a mapped fact.","evidence_ids":["field-note-2026-06-02-mangaia","field-note-2026-06-03-mangaia","field-note-2026-06-10-mitiaro"],"sources":[{"id":"field-note-2026-06-02-mangaia","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-06-02-mangaia","type":"field_note","label":"Mangaia field note, 2026-06-02","title":"Mangaia field note, 2026-06-02","citation":"Mangaia 2026-06-02","citation_label":"Mangaia 2026-06-02","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-06-02-mangaia-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"June 2 concentrated on three Mangaia fossil-reef sites plus a harbor tide-gauge repeat. Araoa HS110 tested cave, notch, infill, and dated-coral hypotheses at the coast. HS111 Ivirua then documented a large growth-position framework reef and candidate older reef flat, and HS112 Karanga added a late afternoon comparison site with in-situ corals, modern low-tide reef-flat exposure, samples, and GCPs.","quote":"Araoa HS110 preserves coastal framework, cave or notch geometry, platy grainstone, high Porites, possible Holocene patch reef, and several competing infill models.","href":"daily/2026-06-02/","date":"2026-06-02","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"field-note-2026-06-03-mangaia","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-06-03-mangaia","type":"field_note","label":"Mangaia field note, 2026-06-03","title":"Mangaia field note, 2026-06-03","citation":"Mangaia 2026-06-03","citation_label":"Mangaia 2026-06-03","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-06-03-mangaia-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"June 3 extended the Saragossa work upward and inland across Mangaia's makatea cliff sequence. The day documented a high makatea drive stop, a traverse on the second cliff above the earlier Saragossa outcrop, groove, notch, fracture, and cobble features with uncertain origin, and the HS113 intermediate patch-reef survey with samples and GCPs late in the day.","quote":"High makatea and second-cliff observations fit Mangaia's stepped raised-reef geomorphology, but local contacts between first cliff, second bench, and higher cliff remain uncertain.","href":"daily/2026-06-03/","date":"2026-06-03","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"field-note-2026-06-10-mitiaro","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-06-10-mitiaro","type":"field_note","label":"Mitiaro field note, 2026-06-10","title":"Mitiaro field note, 2026-06-10","citation":"Mitiaro 2026-06-10","citation_label":"Mitiaro 2026-06-10","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-06-10-mitiaro-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"June 10 focused on Mitiaro HS123 along the Te Rotonui road and a later HS124 reef-flat stop. The recorder notes document a perched-beach or eolianite-like sand layer, coral-rich outcrop below it, possible Holocene notch fill, ambiguous MIS 5e versus Holocene relations, sample and GCP control, and modern reef-flat water-level observations.","quote":"At HS123, a top sand layer was described as angular and perched-beach or eolianite-like, probably linked to high-energy events rather than a textbook well-sorted eolianite.","href":"daily/2026-06-10/","date":"2026-06-10","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""}]},{"heading":"Datum control is improving, but interpretation should wait for final height reconciliation.","text":"Atiu, Mangaia, Mauke, and Mitiaro all have tide-gauge products in the repository. Those products make a later quantitative comparison possible, but current prose should keep GPS altitude, local water level, gauge offset, receiver height, and sample-height offsets distinct.","evidence_ids":["tide-datums","gps-height-points"],"sources":[{"id":"tide-datums","html_id":"synthesis-source-tide-datums","type":"repository_data","label":"Tide-gauge datum products","title":"Tide-gauge datum products","citation":"Tide datums","citation_label":"Tide datums","source_label":"","summary":"4 rendered island tide-gauge datum records with datum figures and plots.","quote":"","href":"data/tidal-datums.json","date":"","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"gps-height-points","html_id":"synthesis-source-gps-height-points","type":"repository_data","label":"GPS height-control points","title":"GPS height-control points","citation":"GPS heights","citation_label":"GPS heights","source_label":"","summary":"406 GPS features contain height_m_above_mean_sea_level fields.","quote":"","href":"data/gps_points.geojson","date":"","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""}]}],"subsections":[],"figures":[{"id":"fig-tide-datums","kind":"tide_datum_grid","title":"Tide-gauge datum figures","caption":"Local tide-gauge datum figures generated from the repository's pressure and GPS tie workflow.","src":"","svg":"","evidence_ids":["tide-datums"],"tide_rows":[{"island":"Atiu","title":"Atiu Tide-Gauge Datum","datum":"14.231 m","water_depth":"1.848 m","figure_path":"static/img/tide-gauge-datums/atiu-datum.svg","plot_path":"static/img/tide-gauge-datums/atiu-plot.svg","caption":"Atiu: zero-corrected clipped mean water depth above logger 1.848 m and mean sea-level datum 14.231 m from the HISEAS GPS altitude reference."},{"island":"Mangaia","title":"Mangaia Tide-Gauge Datum","datum":"12.472 m","water_depth":"0.695 m","figure_path":"static/img/tide-gauge-datums/mangaia-datum.svg","plot_path":"static/img/tide-gauge-datums/mangaia-plot.svg","caption":"Mangaia: zero-corrected clipped mean water depth above logger 0.695 m and mean sea-level datum 12.472 m from the HISEAS GPS altitude reference."},{"island":"Mauke","title":"Mauke Tide-Gauge Datum","datum":"12.525 m","water_depth":"0.503 m","figure_path":"static/img/tide-gauge-datums/mauke-datum.svg","plot_path":"static/img/tide-gauge-datums/mauke-plot.svg","caption":"Mauke: zero-corrected clipped mean water depth above logger 0.503 m and mean sea-level datum 12.525 m from the HISEAS GPS altitude reference."},{"island":"Mitiaro","title":"Mitiaro Tide-Gauge Datum","datum":"13.515 m","water_depth":"0.920 m","figure_path":"static/img/tide-gauge-datums/mitiaro-datum.svg","plot_path":"static/img/tide-gauge-datums/mitiaro-plot.svg","caption":"Mitiaro: zero-corrected clipped mean water depth above logger 0.920 m and mean sea-level datum 13.515 m from the HISEAS GPS altitude reference."}]}],"tables":[]},{"id":"samples-heights-media","eyebrow":"Quantitative appendices","title":"Samples, Heights, Maps, And Media","paragraphs":[{"text":"The sample manifest currently provides the clearest campaign-wide table for fossil coral material. It should be used to prioritize mineralogy and preservation checks, then linked to photo evidence, GCPs, tide datums, and eventually U-series results.","evidence_ids":["sample-manifest","sea-level-indicator-guardrails"],"sources":[{"id":"sample-manifest","html_id":"synthesis-source-sample-manifest","type":"repository_data","label":"NES fossil coral sample manifest","title":"NES fossil coral sample manifest","citation":"Sample ledger","citation_label":"Sample ledger","source_label":"","summary":"123 fossil coral sample rows and 230 matched sample photos from the NES sample outputs.","quote":"","href":"samples.html","date":"","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"sea-level-indicator-guardrails","html_id":"synthesis-source-sea-level-indicator-guardrails","type":"method","label":"Sea-level indicator guardrails","title":"Sea-level indicator guardrails","citation":"Indicator guardrails","citation_label":"Indicator guardrails","source_label":"Cook Islands carbonate synthesis skill","summary":"Use growth-position corals, microatolls, coralgal or vermetid rims, datum-tied reef framework, and measured water-level transects as stronger indicators; treat loose rubble, storm boulders, weathered notches, cave fill, and recrystallized makatea as provisional.","quote":"Do not use a U-series age as sea-level evidence unless growth position, elevation, and indicative meaning are also constrained.","href":"","date":"","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""}]},{"text":"Height rows and datum figures are included here so prose claims can be audited directly. A future revision should add uncertainty columns for receiver type, pole or antenna height, water level, local datum, and whether the measured object is a sea-level indicator.","evidence_ids":["gps-height-points","tide-datums"],"sources":[{"id":"gps-height-points","html_id":"synthesis-source-gps-height-points","type":"repository_data","label":"GPS height-control points","title":"GPS height-control points","citation":"GPS heights","citation_label":"GPS heights","source_label":"","summary":"406 GPS features contain height_m_above_mean_sea_level fields.","quote":"","href":"data/gps_points.geojson","date":"","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"tide-datums","html_id":"synthesis-source-tide-datums","type":"repository_data","label":"Tide-gauge datum products","title":"Tide-gauge datum products","citation":"Tide datums","citation_label":"Tide datums","source_label":"","summary":"4 rendered island tide-gauge datum records with datum figures and plots.","quote":"","href":"data/tidal-datums.json","date":"","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""}]}],"findings":[],"subsections":[],"figures":[],"tables":[{"id":"table-samples","kind":"samples","title":"NES fossil coral sample manifest","caption":"Sample rows from the NES sample ledger, grouped by island and HS site. Altitudes are the ledger values and still require datum and receiver-height review before sea-level interpretation.","evidence_ids":["sample-manifest"],"rows":[{"island":"Atiu","site":"HS101","sample":"HS101A","type":"Fossilized coral","altitude":"4.333","coordinates":"-20.017868, -158.102425","local_time":"2026-05-26 13:33","photo_count":2,"photo":{"id":"hs101a-20260527-103402-jpg","filename":"20260527_103402.jpg","sample_id":"HS101A","island":"Atiu","site":"HS101","capture_time":"2026-05-26 12:34","capture_time_label":"12:34","confidence":"vetted","source_name":"20260527_103402.jpg","caption":"HS101A","alt":"HS101A fossilized coral specimen photo","meta":"Atiu | HS101 | 12:34 | vetted","thumb_path":"static/img/sample-manifest/thumbs/20260527-103402.jpg","image_path":"static/img/sample-manifest/large/20260527-103402.jpg"}},{"island":"Atiu","site":"HS101","sample":"HS101B","type":"Fossilized coral","altitude":"5.252","coordinates":"-20.017894, -158.102574","local_time":"2026-05-26 12:58","photo_count":2,"photo":{"id":"hs101b-20260527-103100-jpg","filename":"20260527_103100.jpg","sample_id":"HS101B","island":"Atiu","site":"HS101","capture_time":"2026-05-26 12:31","capture_time_label":"12:31","confidence":"vetted","source_name":"20260527_103100.jpg","caption":"HS101B","alt":"HS101B fossilized coral specimen photo","meta":"Atiu | HS101 | 12:31 | vetted","thumb_path":"static/img/sample-manifest/thumbs/20260527-103100.jpg","image_path":"static/img/sample-manifest/large/20260527-103100.jpg"}},{"island":"Atiu","site":"HS101","sample":"HS101C","type":"Fossilized coral","altitude":"4.663","coordinates":"-20.017971, -158.102688","local_time":"2026-05-26 13:04","photo_count":2,"photo":{"id":"hs101c-img-4045-jpeg","filename":"IMG_4045.jpeg","sample_id":"HS101C","island":"Atiu","site":"HS101","capture_time":"2026-05-26 12:43","capture_time_label":"12:43","confidence":"vetted","source_name":"IMG_4045.jpeg","caption":"HS101C","alt":"HS101C fossilized coral specimen photo","meta":"Atiu | HS101 | 12:43 | vetted","thumb_path":"static/img/sample-manifest/thumbs/img-4045.jpg","image_path":"static/img/sample-manifest/large/img-4045.jpg"}},{"island":"Atiu","site":"HS101","sample":"HS101D","type":"Fossilized coral","altitude":"4.736","coordinates":"-20.018005, -158.102814","local_time":"2026-05-26 13:11","photo_count":2,"photo":{"id":"hs101d-20260527-104402-jpg","filename":"20260527_104402.jpg","sample_id":"HS101D","island":"Atiu","site":"HS101","capture_time":"2026-05-26 12:44","capture_time_label":"12:44","confidence":"vetted","source_name":"20260527_104402.jpg","caption":"HS101D","alt":"HS101D fossilized coral specimen photo","meta":"Atiu | HS101 | 12:44 | vetted","thumb_path":"static/img/sample-manifest/thumbs/20260527-104402.jpg","image_path":"static/img/sample-manifest/large/20260527-104402.jpg"}},{"island":"Atiu","site":"HS101","sample":"HS101E","type":"Fossilized coral","altitude":"7.188","coordinates":"-20.018006, -158.102913","local_time":"2026-05-26 13:16","photo_count":2,"photo":{"id":"hs101e-20260527-110755-jpg","filename":"20260527_110755.jpg","sample_id":"HS101E","island":"Atiu","site":"HS101","capture_time":"2026-05-26 13:07","capture_time_label":"13:07","confidence":"vetted","source_name":"20260527_110755.jpg","caption":"HS101E","alt":"HS101E fossilized coral specimen photo","meta":"Atiu | HS101 | 13:07 | vetted","thumb_path":"static/img/sample-manifest/thumbs/20260527-110755.jpg","image_path":"static/img/sample-manifest/large/20260527-110755.jpg"}},{"island":"Atiu","site":"HS101","sample":"HS101F","type":"Fossilized coral","altitude":"8.491","coordinates":"-20.017882, -158.103011","local_time":"2026-05-26 13:24","photo_count":2,"photo":{"id":"hs101f-img-4052-jpeg","filename":"IMG_4052.jpeg","sample_id":"HS101F","island":"Atiu","site":"HS101","capture_time":"2026-05-26 13:18","capture_time_label":"13:18","confidence":"vetted","source_name":"IMG_4052.jpeg","caption":"HS101F","alt":"HS101F fossilized coral specimen photo","meta":"Atiu | HS101 | 13:18 | vetted","thumb_path":"static/img/sample-manifest/thumbs/img-4052.jpg","image_path":"static/img/sample-manifest/large/img-4052.jpg"}},{"island":"Atiu","site":"HS101","sample":"HS101G","type":"Fossilized coral","altitude":"8.573","coordinates":"-20.017626, -158.102565","local_time":"2026-05-26 13:27","photo_count":2,"photo":{"id":"hs101g-img-4053-jpeg","filename":"IMG_4053.jpeg","sample_id":"HS101G","island":"Atiu","site":"HS101","capture_time":"2026-05-26 13:19","capture_time_label":"13:19","confidence":"vetted","source_name":"IMG_4053.jpeg","caption":"HS101G","alt":"HS101G fossilized coral specimen photo","meta":"Atiu | HS101 | 13:19 | vetted","thumb_path":"static/img/sample-manifest/thumbs/img-4053.jpg","image_path":"static/img/sample-manifest/large/img-4053.jpg"}},{"island":"Atiu","site":"HS102","sample":"HS102A","type":"Fossilized coral","altitude":"8.421","coordinates":"-20.015198, -158.093825","local_time":"2026-05-26 15:20","photo_count":2,"photo":{"id":"hs102a-20260527-131512-jpg","filename":"20260527_131512.jpg","sample_id":"HS102A","island":"Atiu","site":"HS102","capture_time":"2026-05-26 15:15","capture_time_label":"15:15","confidence":"vetted","source_name":"20260527_131512.jpg","caption":"HS102A","alt":"HS102A fossilized coral specimen photo","meta":"Atiu | HS102 | 15:15 | vetted","thumb_path":"static/img/sample-manifest/thumbs/20260527-131512.jpg","image_path":"static/img/sample-manifest/large/20260527-131512.jpg"}},{"island":"Atiu","site":"HS102","sample":"HS102C","type":"Fossilized coral","altitude":"7.935","coordinates":"-20.015210, -158.093885","local_time":"2026-05-26 15:39","photo_count":1,"photo":{"id":"hs102c-hs102-c-jpg","filename":"HS102-C.jpg","sample_id":"HS102C","island":"Atiu","site":"HS102","capture_time":"2026-07-02 09:35","capture_time_label":"09:35","confidence":"photo-confirmed","source_name":"HS102-C.jpg","caption":"HS102C","alt":"HS102C fossilized coral specimen 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-158.141571","local_time":"2026-05-27 10:54","photo_count":1,"photo":{"id":"hs103a-20260528-084113-jpg","filename":"20260528_084113.jpg","sample_id":"HS103A","island":"Atiu","site":"HS103","capture_time":"2026-05-27 10:41","capture_time_label":"10:41","confidence":"vetted","source_name":"20260528_084113.jpg","caption":"HS103A","alt":"HS103A fossilized coral specimen photo","meta":"Atiu | HS103 | 10:41 | vetted","thumb_path":"static/img/sample-manifest/thumbs/20260528-084113.jpg","image_path":"static/img/sample-manifest/large/20260528-084113.jpg"}},{"island":"Atiu","site":"HS103","sample":"HS103B","type":"Fossilized coral","altitude":"2.378","coordinates":"-19.989918, -158.141560","local_time":"2026-05-27 11:05","photo_count":2,"photo":{"id":"hs103b-20260528-084508-jpg","filename":"20260528_084508.jpg","sample_id":"HS103B","island":"Atiu","site":"HS103","capture_time":"2026-05-27 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site","date":"2026-05-28","coordinates":"19.97070 S, 158.10764 W","height":"10.055 m"},{"id":"ATIU-20260527-HISEAS-055","island":"Atiu","site":"Harbor base","label":"Harbor base","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-05-27","coordinates":"19.97901 S, 158.13965 W","height":"1.502 m"},{"id":"ATIU-20260527-HISEAS-056","island":"Atiu","site":"Harbor base","label":"Harbor base","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-05-27","coordinates":"19.97901 S, 158.13965 W","height":"1.512 m"},{"id":"ATIU-20260527-HISEAS-068","island":"Atiu","site":"Harbor base","label":"Harbor base","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-05-27","coordinates":"19.97901 S, 158.13964 W","height":"1.459 m"},{"id":"ATIU-20260527-HISEAS-069","island":"Atiu","site":"Harbor base","label":"Harbor base","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-05-27","coordinates":"19.97901 S, 158.13964 W","height":"1.479 m"},{"id":"ATIU-20260527-HISEAS-071","island":"Atiu","site":"Harbor base","label":"Harbor base","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-05-27","coordinates":"19.97901 S, 158.13964 W","height":"1.419 m"},{"id":"ATIU-20260529-HISEAS-103","island":"Atiu","site":"Harbor base","label":"Harbor base","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-05-29","coordinates":"19.97901 S, 158.13964 W","height":"1.263 m"},{"id":"ATIU-20260526-HISEAS-019","island":"Atiu","site":"Matai Beach","label":"Matai Beach","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-05-26","coordinates":"20.01752 S, 158.10213 W","height":"6.265 m"},{"id":"ATIU-20260526-HISEAS-020","island":"Atiu","site":"Matai base","label":"Matai base","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-05-26","coordinates":"20.01752 S, 158.10213 W","height":"6.285 m"},{"id":"ATIU-20260526-HISEAS-021","island":"Atiu","site":"Matai base","label":"Matai base","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-05-26","coordinates":"20.01752 S, 158.10213 W","height":"6.200 m"},{"id":"ATIU-20260526-HISEAS-022","island":"Atiu","site":"Matai base","label":"Matai base","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-05-26","coordinates":"20.01752 S, 158.10213 W","height":"6.216 m"},{"id":"ATIU-20260526-HISEAS-023","island":"Atiu","site":"Matai base","label":"Matai base","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-05-26","coordinates":"20.01752 S, 158.10213 W","height":"6.200 m"},{"id":"ATIU-20260526-HISEAS-178","island":"Atiu","site":"Matai base RCC point a","label":"Matai base RCC point a","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-05-26","coordinates":"20.01752 S, 158.10213 W","height":"6.211 m"},{"id":"ATIU-20260528-HISEAS-011","island":"Atiu","site":"Modern hard ground, Subaqueuos","label":"Modern hard ground, Subaqueous","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-05-28","coordinates":"19.98508 S, 158.09293 W","height":"-0.125 m"},{"id":"ATIU-20260529-HISEAS-105","island":"Atiu","site":"Quarry top","label":"Quarry top","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-05-29","coordinates":"19.96960 S, 158.12434 W","height":"21.970 m"},{"id":"ATIU-20260526-HISEAS-177","island":"Atiu","site":"RCC first point test Matai","label":"RCC first point test Matai","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-05-26","coordinates":"20.01752 S, 158.10213 W","height":"-1.831 m"},{"id":"ATIU-20260529-HISEAS-104","island":"Atiu","site":"Top of quarry","label":"Top of quarry","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-05-29","coordinates":"19.96960 S, 158.12434 W","height":"22.023 m"},{"id":"MANGAIA-20260601-HISEAS-129","island":"Mangaia","site":"","label":"Cook Atlas mapped point 129","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-06-01","coordinates":"21.91152 S, 157.95398 W","height":"-0.674 m"},{"id":"MANGAIA-20260602-HISEAS-149","island":"Mangaia","site":"","label":"Cook Atlas mapped point 149","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-06-02","coordinates":"21.91145 S, 157.95347 W","height":"0.976 m"},{"id":"MANGAIA-20260602-HISEAS-153","island":"Mangaia","site":"","label":"Cook Atlas mapped point 153","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-06-02","coordinates":"21.91145 S, 157.95347 W","height":"0.791 m"},{"id":"MANGAIA-20260602-HISEAS-159","island":"Mangaia","site":"","label":"Cook Atlas mapped point 159","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-06-02","coordinates":"21.92156 S, 157.88855 W","height":"14.672 m"},{"id":"MANGAIA-20260601-HISEAS-132","island":"Mangaia","site":"Babes Place","label":"Babes Place","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-06-01","coordinates":"21.93042 S, 157.95912 W","height":"10.085 m"},{"id":"MANGAIA-20260602-HISEAS-162","island":"Mangaia","site":"Bioencruster on inferred 5e reef flat","label":"Bioencruster on inferred 5e reef flat","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-06-02","coordinates":"21.92156 S, 157.88851 W","height":"14.792 m"},{"id":"MANGAIA-20260602-HISEAS-147","island":"Mangaia","site":"GCP1","label":"GCP1","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-06-02","coordinates":"21.89161 S, 157.91493 W","height":"1.791 m"},{"id":"MANGAIA-20260602-HISEAS-144","island":"Mangaia","site":"GCP12 float","label":"GCP12 float","kind":"Control point","date":"2026-06-02","coordinates":"21.89145 S, 157.91498 W","height":"0.550 m"},{"id":"MANGAIA-20260601-HISEAS-107","island":"Mangaia","site":"HS108","label":"HS108: Mangaia Harbor base","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-06-01","coordinates":"21.91145 S, 157.95347 W","height":"1.055 m"},{"id":"MANGAIA-20260601-HISEAS-108","island":"Mangaia","site":"HS108","label":"HS108: Mangaia Harbor tide gauge","kind":"Control point","date":"2026-06-01","coordinates":"21.91152 S, 157.95398 W","height":"-0.667 m"},{"id":"MANGAIA-20260601-HISEAS-109","island":"Mangaia","site":"HS108","label":"HS108: Mangaia Harbor base 2","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-06-01","coordinates":"21.91145 S, 157.95347 W","height":"0.895 m"},{"id":"MANGAIA-20260601-HISEAS-126","island":"Mangaia","site":"HS108","label":"HS108: Mangaia Harbor","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-06-01","coordinates":"21.91154 S, 157.95405 W","height":"-0.095 m"},{"id":"MANGAIA-20260601-HISEAS-127","island":"Mangaia","site":"HS108","label":"HS108: Mangaia Harbor","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-06-01","coordinates":"21.91154 S, 157.95405 W","height":"-0.128 m"},{"id":"MANGAIA-20260601-HISEAS-128","island":"Mangaia","site":"HS108","label":"HS108: Mangaia Harbor Tide gauge Mangaia harbor","kind":"Control point","date":"2026-06-01","coordinates":"21.91152 S, 157.95398 W","height":"-0.663 m"},{"id":"MANGAIA-20260601-HISEAS-130","island":"Mangaia","site":"HS108","label":"HS108: Mangaia Harbor Harbor base station Mangaia","kind":"Control point","date":"2026-06-01","coordinates":"21.91145 S, 157.95347 W","height":"0.885 m"},{"id":"MANGAIA-20260601-HISEAS-110","island":"Mangaia","site":"HS109","label":"HS109: Saragossa GCP3","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-06-01","coordinates":"21.95567 S, 157.87973 W","height":"12.723 m"},{"id":"MANGAIA-20260601-HISEAS-111","island":"Mangaia","site":"HS109","label":"HS109: Saragossa map-map points 4","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-06-01","coordinates":"21.95589 S, 157.87965 W","height":"11.818 m"},{"id":"MANGAIA-20260601-HISEAS-112","island":"Mangaia","site":"HS109","label":"HS109: Saragossa map-map points 1","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-06-01","coordinates":"21.95566 S, 157.87950 W","height":"12.639 m"},{"id":"MANGAIA-20260601-HISEAS-113","island":"Mangaia","site":"HS109","label":"HS109: Saragossa map-map points 5","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-06-01","coordinates":"21.95549 S, 157.87935 W","height":"12.770 m"},{"id":"MANGAIA-20260601-HISEAS-114","island":"Mangaia","site":"HS109","label":"HS109: Saragossa map-map points 7","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-06-01","coordinates":"21.95562 S, 157.87927 W","height":"11.065 m"},{"id":"MANGAIA-20260601-HISEAS-115","island":"Mangaia","site":"HS109","label":"HS109: Saragossa C","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-06-01","coordinates":"21.95588 S, 157.87963 W","height":"11.678 m"},{"id":"MANGAIA-20260601-HISEAS-116","island":"Mangaia","site":"HS109","label":"HS109: Saragossa B","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-06-01","coordinates":"21.95595 S, 157.87960 W","height":"6.330 m"},{"id":"MANGAIA-20260601-HISEAS-117","island":"Mangaia","site":"HS109","label":"HS109: Saragossa A","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-06-01","coordinates":"21.95599 S, 157.87959 W","height":"4.337 m"},{"id":"MANGAIA-20260601-HISEAS-118","island":"Mangaia","site":"HS109","label":"HS109: Saragossa D","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-06-01","coordinates":"21.95573 S, 157.87962 W","height":"12.030 m"},{"id":"MANGAIA-20260601-HISEAS-119","island":"Mangaia","site":"HS109","label":"HS109: Saragossa E","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-06-01","coordinates":"21.95570 S, 157.87964 W","height":"12.861 m"},{"id":"MANGAIA-20260601-HISEAS-120","island":"Mangaia","site":"HS109","label":"HS109: Saragossa Z","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-06-01","coordinates":"21.95575 S, 157.87973 W","height":"12.857 m"},{"id":"MANGAIA-20260601-HISEAS-121","island":"Mangaia","site":"HS109","label":"HS109: Saragossa F","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-06-01","coordinates":"21.95584 S, 157.87974 W","height":"11.619 m"},{"id":"MANGAIA-20260601-HISEAS-131","island":"Mangaia","site":"HS109G","label":"HS109: Saragossa Coral head at base of cliff, inland of road","kind":"Route Point","date":"2026-06-01","coordinates":"21.95495 S, 157.88035 W","height":"12.871 m"},{"id":"MANGAIA-20260602-HISEAS-133","island":"Mangaia","site":"HS110","label":"HS110: Araoa Cave shoreline, in surf","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-06-02","coordinates":"21.89142 S, 157.91498 W","height":"0.116 m"},{"id":"MANGAIA-20260602-HISEAS-134","island":"Mangaia","site":"HS110","label":"HS110: Araoa Cave water level","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-06-02","coordinates":"21.89142 S, 157.91498 W","height":"0.009 m"},{"id":"MANGAIA-20260602-HISEAS-135","island":"Mangaia","site":"HS110","label":"HS110: Araoa Cave GPC3","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-06-02","coordinates":"21.89142 S, 157.91537 W","height":"0.533 m"},{"id":"MANGAIA-20260602-HISEAS-136","island":"Mangaia","site":"HS110","label":"HS110: Araoa Cave GCP3","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-06-02","coordinates":"21.89142 S, 157.91537 W","height":"0.545 m"},{"id":"MANGAIA-20260602-HISEAS-137","island":"Mangaia","site":"HS110","label":"HS110: Araoa Cave GCP7","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-06-02","coordinates":"21.89143 S, 157.91526 W","height":"0.962 m"},{"id":"MANGAIA-20260602-HISEAS-138","island":"Mangaia","site":"HS110","label":"HS110: Araoa Cave GCP7","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-06-02","coordinates":"21.89143 S, 157.91526 W","height":"0.950 m"},{"id":"MANGAIA-20260602-HISEAS-139","island":"Mangaia","site":"HS110","label":"HS110: Araoa Cave GCP5","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-06-02","coordinates":"21.89143 S, 157.91511 W","height":"0.785 m"},{"id":"MANGAIA-20260602-HISEAS-140","island":"Mangaia","site":"HS110","label":"HS110: Araoa Cave GCP5","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-06-02","coordinates":"21.89143 S, 157.91511 W","height":"0.723 m"},{"id":"MANGAIA-20260602-HISEAS-141","island":"Mangaia","site":"HS110","label":"HS110: Araoa Cave B","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-06-02","coordinates":"21.89146 S, 157.91512 W","height":"-0.807 m"},{"id":"MANGAIA-20260602-HISEAS-142","island":"Mangaia","site":"HS110","label":"HS110: Araoa Cave B","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-06-02","coordinates":"21.89146 S, 157.91512 W","height":"-0.638 m"},{"id":"MANGAIA-20260602-HISEAS-143","island":"Mangaia","site":"HS110","label":"HS110: Araoa Cave GCP2","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-06-02","coordinates":"21.89145 S, 157.91497 W","height":"0.291 m"},{"id":"MANGAIA-20260602-HISEAS-146","island":"Mangaia","site":"HS110","label":"HS110: Araoa Cave GCP1","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-06-02","coordinates":"21.89161 S, 157.91493 W","height":"1.801 m"},{"id":"MANGAIA-20260602-HISEAS-148","island":"Mangaia","site":"HS110C","label":"HS110: Araoa Cave","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-06-02","coordinates":"21.89166 S, 157.91500 W","height":"2.203 m"},{"id":"MANGAIA-20260602-HISEAS-157","island":"Mangaia","site":"HS111","label":"HS111: Ivirua coral sample from reef flat","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-06-02","coordinates":"21.92156 S, 157.88855 W","height":"14.466 m"},{"id":"MANGAIA-20260602-HISEAS-179","island":"Mangaia","site":"HS111","label":"HS111: Ivirua gpc southeast cliff 1","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-06-02","coordinates":"21.92106 S, 157.88806 W","height":"11.422 m"},{"id":"MANGAIA-20260602-HISEAS-180","island":"Mangaia","site":"HS111","label":"HS111: Ivirua gpc 5 southeast cliff pt 2","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-06-02","coordinates":"21.92109 S, 157.88819 W","height":"12.045 m"},{"id":"MANGAIA-20260602-HISEAS-181","island":"Mangaia","site":"HS111","label":"HS111: Ivirua gpc 7 northwest cliff 1","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-06-02","coordinates":"21.92094 S, 157.88809 W","height":"11.947 m"},{"id":"MANGAIA-20260602-HISEAS-182","island":"Mangaia","site":"HS111","label":"HS111: Ivirua gpc 7 northwest cliff 2","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-06-02","coordinates":"21.92093 S, 157.88810 W","height":"12.210 m"},{"id":"MANGAIA-20260602-HISEAS-183","island":"Mangaia","site":"HS111","label":"HS111: Ivirua gpc 7 northwest cliff 3","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-06-02","coordinates":"21.92092 S, 157.88811 W","height":"12.296 m"},{"id":"MANGAIA-20260602-HISEAS-184","island":"Mangaia","site":"HS111","label":"HS111: Ivirua gpc 7 northwest cliff 4","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-06-02","coordinates":"21.92092 S, 157.88812 W","height":"12.185 m"},{"id":"MANGAIA-20260602-HISEAS-185","island":"Mangaia","site":"HS111","label":"HS111: Ivirua gpc big boulder","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-06-02","coordinates":"21.92087 S, 157.88798 W","height":"-1.698 m"},{"id":"MANGAIA-20260602-HISEAS-186","island":"Mangaia","site":"HS111","label":"HS111: Ivirua gpc big boulder 2","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-06-02","coordinates":"21.92088 S, 157.88798 W","height":"-0.769 m"},{"id":"MANGAIA-20260602-HISEAS-187","island":"Mangaia","site":"HS111","label":"HS111: Ivirua gpc 1 beach 1","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-06-02","coordinates":"21.92103 S, 157.88788 W","height":"-0.968 m"},{"id":"MANGAIA-20260602-HISEAS-188","island":"Mangaia","site":"HS111","label":"HS111: Ivirua sample a","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-06-02","coordinates":"21.92109 S, 157.88819 W","height":"11.859 m"},{"id":"MANGAIA-20260602-HISEAS-189","island":"Mangaia","site":"HS111","label":"HS111: Ivirua sample b","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-06-02","coordinates":"21.92116 S, 157.88820 W","height":"12.676 m"},{"id":"MANGAIA-20260602-HISEAS-160","island":"Mangaia","site":"HS111C","label":"HS111: Ivirua","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-06-02","coordinates":"21.92153 S, 157.88858 W","height":"14.599 m"},{"id":"MANGAIA-20260602-HISEAS-161","island":"Mangaia","site":"HS111C","label":"HS111: Ivirua the real C","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-06-02","coordinates":"21.92158 S, 157.88859 W","height":"14.634 m"},{"id":"MANGAIA-20260602-HISEAS-163","island":"Mangaia","site":"HS112","label":"HS112: Karanganui","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-06-02","coordinates":"21.90307 S, 157.90153 W","height":"9.569 m"},{"id":"MANGAIA-20260602-HISEAS-164","island":"Mangaia","site":"HS112","label":"HS112: Karanganui GPC4","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-06-02","coordinates":"21.90307 S, 157.90153 W","height":"9.682 m"},{"id":"MANGAIA-20260602-HISEAS-165","island":"Mangaia","site":"HS112","label":"HS112: Karanganui GPC4","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-06-02","coordinates":"21.90307 S, 157.90153 W","height":"9.721 m"},{"id":"MANGAIA-20260602-HISEAS-166","island":"Mangaia","site":"HS112","label":"HS112: Karanganui GPC4","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-06-02","coordinates":"21.90307 S, 157.90153 W","height":"9.715 m"},{"id":"MANGAIA-20260602-HISEAS-167","island":"Mangaia","site":"HS112","label":"HS112: Karanganui GPC5","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-06-02","coordinates":"21.90314 S, 157.90154 W","height":"9.925 m"},{"id":"MANGAIA-20260602-HISEAS-168","island":"Mangaia","site":"HS112","label":"HS112: Karanganui GPC12","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-06-02","coordinates":"21.90316 S, 157.90145 W","height":"8.582 m"},{"id":"MANGAIA-20260602-HISEAS-169","island":"Mangaia","site":"HS112","label":"HS112: Karanganui B","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-06-02","coordinates":"21.90307 S, 157.90157 W","height":"10.674 m"},{"id":"MANGAIA-20260602-HISEAS-170","island":"Mangaia","site":"HS112","label":"HS112: Karanganui GPC3","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-06-02","coordinates":"21.90306 S, 157.90161 W","height":"11.670 m"},{"id":"MANGAIA-20260602-HISEAS-171","island":"Mangaia","site":"HS112","label":"HS112: Karanganui GPC cliff","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-06-02","coordinates":"21.90299 S, 157.90157 W","height":"10.199 m"}]}]},{"id":"uncertainties-next-work","eyebrow":"Next technical checks","title":"Uncertainties And Next Work","paragraphs":[],"findings":[{"heading":"Sample screening before chronology.","text":"Prioritize aragonite, diagenesis, detrital thorium, open-system behavior, and growth-position checks before interpreting U-series ages. Reworked coral dates the skeleton, not necessarily the deposit.","evidence_ids":["sea-level-indicator-guardrails","ref-veeh-1966"],"sources":[{"id":"sea-level-indicator-guardrails","html_id":"synthesis-source-sea-level-indicator-guardrails","type":"method","label":"Sea-level indicator guardrails","title":"Sea-level indicator guardrails","citation":"Indicator guardrails","citation_label":"Indicator guardrails","source_label":"Cook Islands carbonate synthesis skill","summary":"Use growth-position corals, microatolls, coralgal or vermetid rims, datum-tied reef framework, and measured water-level transects as stronger indicators; treat loose rubble, storm boulders, weathered notches, cave fill, and recrystallized makatea as provisional.","quote":"Do not use a U-series age as sea-level evidence unless growth position, elevation, and indicative meaning are also constrained.","href":"","date":"","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"ref-veeh-1966","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-veeh-1966","type":"reference","label":"Th230/U238 and U234/U238 ages of Pleistocene high sea level stand","title":"Th230/U238 and U234/U238 ages of Pleistocene high sea level stand","citation":"","citation_label":"Veeh 1966","source_label":"Journal article","summary":"Reports uranium-series ages for fossil corals from emerged reefs, including two Mangaia samples used in later southern Cook Islands terrace syntheses.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/veeh-1966-th230-u238-u234-u238-ages-pleistocene-high-sea-level-stand.pdf","date":"","year":"1966","authors":"H. Herbert Veeh","author_short":"Veeh"}]},{"heading":"Photo, drone, and map correlation before surface correlation.","text":"Use Backblaze photos, drone models, and static maps to test whether candidate notches, grooves, patch reefs, and bench surfaces are continuous or local relief. This is especially important for Mangaia Saragossa to HS115 and Mitiaro HS123 to HS125.","evidence_ids":["backblaze-media-manifest","field-note-2026-06-03-mangaia","field-note-2026-06-10-mitiaro"],"sources":[{"id":"backblaze-media-manifest","html_id":"synthesis-source-backblaze-media-manifest","type":"repository_data","label":"Backblaze field media manifest","title":"Backblaze field media manifest","citation":"Backblaze media","citation_label":"Backblaze media","source_label":"","summary":"Public field photos are resolved through the Backblaze-backed media manifest where available.","quote":"","href":"data/media-manifest.json","date":"","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"field-note-2026-06-03-mangaia","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-06-03-mangaia","type":"field_note","label":"Mangaia field note, 2026-06-03","title":"Mangaia field note, 2026-06-03","citation":"Mangaia 2026-06-03","citation_label":"Mangaia 2026-06-03","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-06-03-mangaia-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"June 3 extended the Saragossa work upward and inland across Mangaia's makatea cliff sequence. The day documented a high makatea drive stop, a traverse on the second cliff above the earlier Saragossa outcrop, groove, notch, fracture, and cobble features with uncertain origin, and the HS113 intermediate patch-reef survey with samples and GCPs late in the day.","quote":"High makatea and second-cliff observations fit Mangaia's stepped raised-reef geomorphology, but local contacts between first cliff, second bench, and higher cliff remain uncertain.","href":"daily/2026-06-03/","date":"2026-06-03","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"field-note-2026-06-10-mitiaro","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-06-10-mitiaro","type":"field_note","label":"Mitiaro field note, 2026-06-10","title":"Mitiaro field note, 2026-06-10","citation":"Mitiaro 2026-06-10","citation_label":"Mitiaro 2026-06-10","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-06-10-mitiaro-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"June 10 focused on Mitiaro HS123 along the Te Rotonui road and a later HS124 reef-flat stop. The recorder notes document a perched-beach or eolianite-like sand layer, coral-rich outcrop below it, possible Holocene notch fill, ambiguous MIS 5e versus Holocene relations, sample and GCP control, and modern reef-flat water-level observations.","quote":"At HS123, a top sand layer was described as angular and perched-beach or eolianite-like, probably linked to high-energy events rather than a textbook well-sorted eolianite.","href":"daily/2026-06-10/","date":"2026-06-10","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""}]},{"heading":"Datum ledger closure.","text":"Keep tide-gauge deployment, removal, gauge offset, GPS control, receiver height, and local water level in one audit chain. Do this before comparing sample altitudes with published terrace heights or Holocene emergence indicators.","evidence_ids":["tide-datums","gps-height-points"],"sources":[{"id":"tide-datums","html_id":"synthesis-source-tide-datums","type":"repository_data","label":"Tide-gauge datum products","title":"Tide-gauge datum products","citation":"Tide datums","citation_label":"Tide datums","source_label":"","summary":"4 rendered island tide-gauge datum records with datum figures and plots.","quote":"","href":"data/tidal-datums.json","date":"","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"gps-height-points","html_id":"synthesis-source-gps-height-points","type":"repository_data","label":"GPS height-control points","title":"GPS height-control points","citation":"GPS heights","citation_label":"GPS heights","source_label":"","summary":"406 GPS features contain height_m_above_mean_sea_level fields.","quote":"","href":"data/gps_points.geojson","date":"","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""}]},{"heading":"Previous-work crosswalk.","text":"Build a site-by-site crosswalk between HS codes and published localities, figures, tables, and profiles. The first targets are Atiu HS101 to HS107, Mangaia HS108 to HS115, Mauke HS116 to HS121, and Mitiaro HS122 to HS125.","evidence_ids":["ref-stoddart-woodroffe-spencer-1990","ref-woodroffe-short-1991","ref-woodroffe-holocene-1990"],"sources":[{"id":"ref-stoddart-woodroffe-spencer-1990","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-stoddart-woodroffe-spencer-1990","type":"reference","label":"Mauke, Mitiaro and Atiu: Geomorphology of Makatea Islands in the Southern Cooks","title":"Mauke, Mitiaro and Atiu: Geomorphology of Makatea Islands in the Southern Cooks","citation":"","citation_label":"Stoddart et al. 1990","source_label":"Atoll Research Bulletin","summary":"Atoll Research Bulletin 341 survey of makatea geomorphology, topographic profiles, Pleistocene limestones, coastal morphology, and Holocene coastal features on Mauke, Mitiaro, and Atiu.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/stoddart-woodroffe-spencer-1990-mauke-mitiaro-atiu-geomorphology-makatea-islands.pdf","date":"","year":"1990","authors":"D. R. Stoddart, C. D. Woodroffe, and T. Spencer","author_short":"Stoddart et al."},{"id":"ref-woodroffe-short-1991","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-woodroffe-short-1991","type":"reference","label":"Stratigraphy and Chronology of Late Pleistocene Reefs in the Southern Cook Islands, South Pacific","title":"Stratigraphy and Chronology of Late Pleistocene Reefs in the Southern Cook Islands, South Pacific","citation":"","citation_label":"Woodroffe et al. 1991","source_label":"Journal article","summary":"Describes fossil reef and ages to constrain late Pleistocene sea-level history across the southern group.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/woodroffe-short-1991-late-pleistocene-reefs-southern-cook-islands.pdf","date":"","year":"1991","authors":"Colin D. Woodroffe and Stephen A. Short","author_short":"Woodroffe et al."},{"id":"ref-woodroffe-holocene-1990","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-woodroffe-holocene-1990","type":"reference","label":"Holocene emergence in the Cook Islands, South Pacific","title":"Holocene emergence in the Cook Islands, South Pacific","citation":"","citation_label":"Woodroffe et al. 1990","source_label":"Journal article","summary":"Documents Holocene emergent reef, algal-ridge, notch, and radiocarbon evidence from Suwarrow, Mitiaro, Mauke, Atiu, and Mangaia.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/BF00686719.pdf","date":"","year":"1990","authors":"C. D. Woodroffe, D. R. Stoddart, T. Spencer, T. P. Scoffin, and A. W. Tudhope","author_short":"Woodroffe et al."}]}],"subsections":[],"figures":[],"tables":[]}],"figures":[{"id":"fig-overview-map","kind":"generated_overview_map","title":"Southern Cook Islands field evidence map","caption":"Field islands in this synthesis with mapped project points and reference-coordinate context.","src":"","svg":"","evidence_ids":[]},{"id":"fig-woodroffe-atiu","kind":"image","title":"Published Atiu reef-terrace reference figure","caption":"Woodroffe and Short 1991 figure used as a locality and profile cross-check for Atiu field notes.","src":"static/img/reference-figures/woodroffe-1991-fig-2-atiu.jpg","svg":"","evidence_ids":["ref-woodroffe-short-1991"]},{"id":"fig-woodroffe-mangaia","kind":"image","title":"Published Mangaia reef-terrace reference figure","caption":"Woodroffe and Short 1991 Mangaia figure used for comparing Saragossa, Ivirua, Karanga, and higher makatea observations.","src":"static/img/reference-figures/woodroffe-1991-fig-5-mangaia.jpg","svg":"","evidence_ids":["ref-woodroffe-short-1991"]},{"id":"fig-mitiaro-reference","kind":"image","title":"Published Mitiaro reference figure","caption":"Woodroffe and Short 1991 Mitiaro figure used as a prior-work frame for HS122 to HS125 observations.","src":"static/img/reference-figures/woodroffe-1991-fig-3-mitiaro.jpg","svg":"","evidence_ids":["ref-woodroffe-short-1991"]},{"id":"fig-tide-datums","kind":"tide_datum_grid","title":"Tide-gauge datum figures","caption":"Local tide-gauge datum figures generated from the repository's pressure and GPS tie workflow.","src":"","svg":"","evidence_ids":["tide-datums"],"tide_rows":[{"island":"Atiu","title":"Atiu Tide-Gauge Datum","datum":"14.231 m","water_depth":"1.848 m","figure_path":"static/img/tide-gauge-datums/atiu-datum.svg","plot_path":"static/img/tide-gauge-datums/atiu-plot.svg","caption":"Atiu: zero-corrected clipped mean water depth above logger 1.848 m and mean sea-level datum 14.231 m from the HISEAS GPS altitude reference."},{"island":"Mangaia","title":"Mangaia Tide-Gauge Datum","datum":"12.472 m","water_depth":"0.695 m","figure_path":"static/img/tide-gauge-datums/mangaia-datum.svg","plot_path":"static/img/tide-gauge-datums/mangaia-plot.svg","caption":"Mangaia: zero-corrected clipped mean water depth above logger 0.695 m and mean sea-level datum 12.472 m from the HISEAS GPS altitude reference."},{"island":"Mauke","title":"Mauke Tide-Gauge Datum","datum":"12.525 m","water_depth":"0.503 m","figure_path":"static/img/tide-gauge-datums/mauke-datum.svg","plot_path":"static/img/tide-gauge-datums/mauke-plot.svg","caption":"Mauke: zero-corrected clipped mean water depth above logger 0.503 m and mean sea-level datum 12.525 m from the HISEAS GPS altitude reference."},{"island":"Mitiaro","title":"Mitiaro Tide-Gauge Datum","datum":"13.515 m","water_depth":"0.920 m","figure_path":"static/img/tide-gauge-datums/mitiaro-datum.svg","plot_path":"static/img/tide-gauge-datums/mitiaro-plot.svg","caption":"Mitiaro: zero-corrected clipped mean water depth above logger 0.920 m and mean sea-level datum 13.515 m from the HISEAS GPS altitude reference."}]}],"tables":[{"id":"table-samples","kind":"samples","title":"NES fossil coral sample manifest","caption":"Sample rows from the NES sample ledger, grouped by island and HS site. Altitudes are the ledger values and still require datum and receiver-height review before sea-level interpretation.","evidence_ids":["sample-manifest"],"rows":[{"island":"Atiu","site":"HS101","sample":"HS101A","type":"Fossilized coral","altitude":"4.333","coordinates":"-20.017868, -158.102425","local_time":"2026-05-26 13:33","photo_count":2,"photo":{"id":"hs101a-20260527-103402-jpg","filename":"20260527_103402.jpg","sample_id":"HS101A","island":"Atiu","site":"HS101","capture_time":"2026-05-26 12:34","capture_time_label":"12:34","confidence":"vetted","source_name":"20260527_103402.jpg","caption":"HS101A","alt":"HS101A fossilized coral specimen photo","meta":"Atiu | HS101 | 12:34 | vetted","thumb_path":"static/img/sample-manifest/thumbs/20260527-103402.jpg","image_path":"static/img/sample-manifest/large/20260527-103402.jpg"}},{"island":"Atiu","site":"HS101","sample":"HS101B","type":"Fossilized coral","altitude":"5.252","coordinates":"-20.017894, -158.102574","local_time":"2026-05-26 12:58","photo_count":2,"photo":{"id":"hs101b-20260527-103100-jpg","filename":"20260527_103100.jpg","sample_id":"HS101B","island":"Atiu","site":"HS101","capture_time":"2026-05-26 12:31","capture_time_label":"12:31","confidence":"vetted","source_name":"20260527_103100.jpg","caption":"HS101B","alt":"HS101B fossilized coral specimen photo","meta":"Atiu | HS101 | 12:31 | vetted","thumb_path":"static/img/sample-manifest/thumbs/20260527-103100.jpg","image_path":"static/img/sample-manifest/large/20260527-103100.jpg"}},{"island":"Atiu","site":"HS101","sample":"HS101C","type":"Fossilized coral","altitude":"4.663","coordinates":"-20.017971, -158.102688","local_time":"2026-05-26 13:04","photo_count":2,"photo":{"id":"hs101c-img-4045-jpeg","filename":"IMG_4045.jpeg","sample_id":"HS101C","island":"Atiu","site":"HS101","capture_time":"2026-05-26 12:43","capture_time_label":"12:43","confidence":"vetted","source_name":"IMG_4045.jpeg","caption":"HS101C","alt":"HS101C fossilized coral specimen photo","meta":"Atiu | HS101 | 12:43 | vetted","thumb_path":"static/img/sample-manifest/thumbs/img-4045.jpg","image_path":"static/img/sample-manifest/large/img-4045.jpg"}},{"island":"Atiu","site":"HS101","sample":"HS101D","type":"Fossilized coral","altitude":"4.736","coordinates":"-20.018005, -158.102814","local_time":"2026-05-26 13:11","photo_count":2,"photo":{"id":"hs101d-20260527-104402-jpg","filename":"20260527_104402.jpg","sample_id":"HS101D","island":"Atiu","site":"HS101","capture_time":"2026-05-26 12:44","capture_time_label":"12:44","confidence":"vetted","source_name":"20260527_104402.jpg","caption":"HS101D","alt":"HS101D fossilized coral specimen photo","meta":"Atiu | HS101 | 12:44 | vetted","thumb_path":"static/img/sample-manifest/thumbs/20260527-104402.jpg","image_path":"static/img/sample-manifest/large/20260527-104402.jpg"}},{"island":"Atiu","site":"HS101","sample":"HS101E","type":"Fossilized coral","altitude":"7.188","coordinates":"-20.018006, -158.102913","local_time":"2026-05-26 13:16","photo_count":2,"photo":{"id":"hs101e-20260527-110755-jpg","filename":"20260527_110755.jpg","sample_id":"HS101E","island":"Atiu","site":"HS101","capture_time":"2026-05-26 13:07","capture_time_label":"13:07","confidence":"vetted","source_name":"20260527_110755.jpg","caption":"HS101E","alt":"HS101E fossilized coral specimen photo","meta":"Atiu | HS101 | 13:07 | vetted","thumb_path":"static/img/sample-manifest/thumbs/20260527-110755.jpg","image_path":"static/img/sample-manifest/large/20260527-110755.jpg"}},{"island":"Atiu","site":"HS101","sample":"HS101F","type":"Fossilized coral","altitude":"8.491","coordinates":"-20.017882, -158.103011","local_time":"2026-05-26 13:24","photo_count":2,"photo":{"id":"hs101f-img-4052-jpeg","filename":"IMG_4052.jpeg","sample_id":"HS101F","island":"Atiu","site":"HS101","capture_time":"2026-05-26 13:18","capture_time_label":"13:18","confidence":"vetted","source_name":"IMG_4052.jpeg","caption":"HS101F","alt":"HS101F fossilized coral specimen photo","meta":"Atiu | HS101 | 13:18 | vetted","thumb_path":"static/img/sample-manifest/thumbs/img-4052.jpg","image_path":"static/img/sample-manifest/large/img-4052.jpg"}},{"island":"Atiu","site":"HS101","sample":"HS101G","type":"Fossilized coral","altitude":"8.573","coordinates":"-20.017626, -158.102565","local_time":"2026-05-26 13:27","photo_count":2,"photo":{"id":"hs101g-img-4053-jpeg","filename":"IMG_4053.jpeg","sample_id":"HS101G","island":"Atiu","site":"HS101","capture_time":"2026-05-26 13:19","capture_time_label":"13:19","confidence":"vetted","source_name":"IMG_4053.jpeg","caption":"HS101G","alt":"HS101G fossilized coral specimen photo","meta":"Atiu | HS101 | 13:19 | vetted","thumb_path":"static/img/sample-manifest/thumbs/img-4053.jpg","image_path":"static/img/sample-manifest/large/img-4053.jpg"}},{"island":"Atiu","site":"HS102","sample":"HS102A","type":"Fossilized coral","altitude":"8.421","coordinates":"-20.015198, -158.093825","local_time":"2026-05-26 15:20","photo_count":2,"photo":{"id":"hs102a-20260527-131512-jpg","filename":"20260527_131512.jpg","sample_id":"HS102A","island":"Atiu","site":"HS102","capture_time":"2026-05-26 15:15","capture_time_label":"15:15","confidence":"vetted","source_name":"20260527_131512.jpg","caption":"HS102A","alt":"HS102A fossilized coral specimen photo","meta":"Atiu | HS102 | 15:15 | vetted","thumb_path":"static/img/sample-manifest/thumbs/20260527-131512.jpg","image_path":"static/img/sample-manifest/large/20260527-131512.jpg"}},{"island":"Atiu","site":"HS102","sample":"HS102C","type":"Fossilized coral","altitude":"7.935","coordinates":"-20.015210, -158.093885","local_time":"2026-05-26 15:39","photo_count":1,"photo":{"id":"hs102c-hs102-c-jpg","filename":"HS102-C.jpg","sample_id":"HS102C","island":"Atiu","site":"HS102","capture_time":"2026-07-02 09:35","capture_time_label":"09:35","confidence":"photo-confirmed","source_name":"HS102-C.jpg","caption":"HS102C","alt":"HS102C fossilized coral specimen photo","meta":"Atiu | HS102 | 09:35 | photo-confirmed","thumb_path":"static/img/sample-manifest/thumbs/final-hs102-c.jpg","image_path":"static/img/sample-manifest/large/final-hs102-c.jpg"}},{"island":"Atiu","site":"HS102","sample":"HS102D","type":"Fossilized coral","altitude":"7.863","coordinates":"-20.015189, -158.093893","local_time":"2026-05-26 15:43","photo_count":2,"photo":{"id":"hs102d-20260527-132803-jpg","filename":"20260527_132803.jpg","sample_id":"HS102D","island":"Atiu","site":"HS102","capture_time":"2026-05-26 15:28","capture_time_label":"15:28","confidence":"vetted","source_name":"20260527_132803.jpg","caption":"HS102D","alt":"HS102D fossilized coral specimen photo","meta":"Atiu | HS102 | 15:28 | vetted","thumb_path":"static/img/sample-manifest/thumbs/20260527-132803.jpg","image_path":"static/img/sample-manifest/large/20260527-132803.jpg"}},{"island":"Atiu","site":"HS103","sample":"HS103A","type":"Fossilized coral","altitude":"1.583","coordinates":"-19.990155, -158.141571","local_time":"2026-05-27 10:54","photo_count":1,"photo":{"id":"hs103a-20260528-084113-jpg","filename":"20260528_084113.jpg","sample_id":"HS103A","island":"Atiu","site":"HS103","capture_time":"2026-05-27 10:41","capture_time_label":"10:41","confidence":"vetted","source_name":"20260528_084113.jpg","caption":"HS103A","alt":"HS103A fossilized coral specimen photo","meta":"Atiu | HS103 | 10:41 | vetted","thumb_path":"static/img/sample-manifest/thumbs/20260528-084113.jpg","image_path":"static/img/sample-manifest/large/20260528-084113.jpg"}},{"island":"Atiu","site":"HS103","sample":"HS103B","type":"Fossilized coral","altitude":"2.378","coordinates":"-19.989918, -158.141560","local_time":"2026-05-27 11:05","photo_count":2,"photo":{"id":"hs103b-20260528-084508-jpg","filename":"20260528_084508.jpg","sample_id":"HS103B","island":"Atiu","site":"HS103","capture_time":"2026-05-27 10:45","capture_time_label":"10:45","confidence":"vetted","source_name":"20260528_084508.jpg","caption":"HS103B","alt":"HS103B fossilized coral specimen photo","meta":"Atiu | HS103 | 10:45 | vetted","thumb_path":"static/img/sample-manifest/thumbs/20260528-084508.jpg","image_path":"static/img/sample-manifest/large/20260528-084508.jpg"}},{"island":"Atiu","site":"HS103","sample":"HS103C","type":"Fossilized coral","altitude":"","coordinates":"","local_time":"","photo_count":2,"photo":{"id":"hs103c-20260528-085829-jpg","filename":"20260528_085829.jpg","sample_id":"HS103C","island":"Atiu","site":"HS103","capture_time":"2026-05-27 10:58","capture_time_label":"10:58","confidence":"photo-label-no-gps","source_name":"20260528_085829.jpg","caption":"HS103C","alt":"HS103C fossilized coral specimen photo","meta":"Atiu | HS103 | 10:58 | photo-label-no-gps","thumb_path":"static/img/sample-manifest/thumbs/20260528-085829.jpg","image_path":"static/img/sample-manifest/large/20260528-085829.jpg"}},{"island":"Atiu","site":"HS103","sample":"HS103D","type":"Fossilized coral","altitude":"","coordinates":"","local_time":"","photo_count":1,"photo":{"id":"hs103d-hs103-d-jpg","filename":"HS103-D.jpg","sample_id":"HS103D","island":"Atiu","site":"HS103","capture_time":"2026-06-29 07:07","capture_time_label":"07:07","confidence":"photo-confirmed","source_name":"HS103-D.jpg","caption":"HS103D","alt":"HS103D fossilized coral specimen photo","meta":"Atiu | HS103 | 07:07 | photo-confirmed","thumb_path":"static/img/sample-manifest/thumbs/final-hs103-d.jpg","image_path":"static/img/sample-manifest/large/final-hs103-d.jpg"}},{"island":"Atiu","site":"HS104","sample":"HS104A","type":"Fossilized 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13:18","capture_time_label":"13:18","confidence":"vetted","source_name":"IMG_4089.jpeg","caption":"HS104B","alt":"HS104B fossilized coral specimen photo","meta":"Atiu | HS104 | 13:18 | vetted","thumb_path":"static/img/sample-manifest/thumbs/img-4089.jpg","image_path":"static/img/sample-manifest/large/img-4089.jpg"}},{"island":"Atiu","site":"HS104","sample":"HS104C","type":"Fossilized coral","altitude":"3.380","coordinates":"-19.978913, -158.139505","local_time":"2026-05-27 13:50","photo_count":2,"photo":{"id":"hs104c-20260528-112145-jpg","filename":"20260528_112145.jpg","sample_id":"HS104C","island":"Atiu","site":"HS104","capture_time":"2026-05-27 13:21","capture_time_label":"13:21","confidence":"vetted","source_name":"20260528_112145.jpg","caption":"HS104C","alt":"HS104C fossilized coral specimen photo","meta":"Atiu | HS104 | 13:21 | vetted","thumb_path":"static/img/sample-manifest/thumbs/20260528-112145.jpg","image_path":"static/img/sample-manifest/large/20260528-112145.jpg"}},{"island":"Atiu","site":"HS104","sample":"HS104D","type":"Fossilized coral","altitude":"6.003","coordinates":"-19.978895, -158.139329","local_time":"2026-05-27 13:35","photo_count":2,"photo":{"id":"hs104d-20260528-112332-jpg","filename":"20260528_112332.jpg","sample_id":"HS104D","island":"Atiu","site":"HS104","capture_time":"2026-05-27 13:23","capture_time_label":"13:23","confidence":"vetted","source_name":"20260528_112332.jpg","caption":"HS104D","alt":"HS104D fossilized coral specimen photo","meta":"Atiu | HS104 | 13:23 | vetted","thumb_path":"static/img/sample-manifest/thumbs/20260528-112332.jpg","image_path":"static/img/sample-manifest/large/20260528-112332.jpg"}},{"island":"Atiu","site":"HS104","sample":"HS104E","type":"Fossilized coral","altitude":"6.480","coordinates":"-19.978891, -158.139340","local_time":"2026-05-27 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GPC cliff","kind":"Sample site","date":"2026-06-02","coordinates":"21.90299 S, 157.90157 W","height":"10.199 m"}]},{"id":"table-prior-work","kind":"references","title":"Previous-work synthesis sources","caption":"Core references read into the synthesis, with local PDFs or DOI links where available.","evidence_ids":["ref-marshall-1927","ref-marshall-1930","ref-veeh-1966","ref-wood-1967","ref-lambeck-1981","ref-stoddart-woodroffe-spencer-1990","ref-woodroffe-holocene-1990","ref-woodroffe-short-1991","ref-moriwaki-2006","ref-nakada-1996","ref-camoin-hallmann-2022","ref-du-2026"],"rows":[{"id":"ref-marshall-1927","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-marshall-1927","type":"reference","label":"Geology of Mangaia","title":"Geology of Mangaia","citation":"","citation_label":"Marshall 1927","source_label":"Museum bulletin","summary":"Early Bishop Museum description of Mangaia, including the fringing reef, terrace slope, makatea, volcanic core, and geologic history.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/marshall-1927-geology-of-mangaia.pdf","date":"","year":"1927","authors":"P. 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Marshall","author_short":"Marshall"},{"id":"ref-veeh-1966","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-veeh-1966","type":"reference","label":"Th230/U238 and U234/U238 ages of Pleistocene high sea level stand","title":"Th230/U238 and U234/U238 ages of Pleistocene high sea level stand","citation":"","citation_label":"Veeh 1966","source_label":"Journal article","summary":"Reports uranium-series ages for fossil corals from emerged reefs, including two Mangaia samples used in later southern Cook Islands terrace syntheses.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/veeh-1966-th230-u238-u234-u238-ages-pleistocene-high-sea-level-stand.pdf","date":"","year":"1966","authors":"H. 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Wood","author_short":"Wood"},{"id":"ref-lambeck-1981","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-lambeck-1981","type":"reference","label":"Lithospheric response to volcanic loading in the Southern Cook Islands","title":"Lithospheric response to volcanic loading in the Southern Cook Islands","citation":"","citation_label":"Lambeck 1981","source_label":"Journal article","summary":"Uses uplift, bathymetry, and geoid data to model lithospheric flexure beneath the southern islands.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/lambeck-1981-lithospheric-response-volcanic-loading-southern-cook-islands.pdf","date":"","year":"1981","authors":"Kurt Lambeck","author_short":"Lambeck"},{"id":"ref-stoddart-woodroffe-spencer-1990","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-stoddart-woodroffe-spencer-1990","type":"reference","label":"Mauke, Mitiaro and Atiu: Geomorphology of Makatea Islands in the Southern Cooks","title":"Mauke, Mitiaro and Atiu: Geomorphology of Makatea Islands in the Southern Cooks","citation":"","citation_label":"Stoddart et al. 1990","source_label":"Atoll Research Bulletin","summary":"Atoll Research Bulletin 341 survey of makatea geomorphology, topographic profiles, Pleistocene limestones, coastal morphology, and Holocene coastal features on Mauke, Mitiaro, and Atiu.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/stoddart-woodroffe-spencer-1990-mauke-mitiaro-atiu-geomorphology-makatea-islands.pdf","date":"","year":"1990","authors":"D. R. Stoddart, C. D. Woodroffe, and T. Spencer","author_short":"Stoddart et al."},{"id":"ref-woodroffe-holocene-1990","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-woodroffe-holocene-1990","type":"reference","label":"Holocene emergence in the Cook Islands, South Pacific","title":"Holocene emergence in the Cook Islands, South Pacific","citation":"","citation_label":"Woodroffe et al. 1990","source_label":"Journal article","summary":"Documents Holocene emergent reef, algal-ridge, notch, and radiocarbon evidence from Suwarrow, Mitiaro, Mauke, Atiu, and Mangaia.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/BF00686719.pdf","date":"","year":"1990","authors":"C. D. Woodroffe, D. R. Stoddart, T. Spencer, T. P. Scoffin, and A. W. Tudhope","author_short":"Woodroffe et al."},{"id":"ref-woodroffe-short-1991","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-woodroffe-short-1991","type":"reference","label":"Stratigraphy and Chronology of Late Pleistocene Reefs in the Southern Cook Islands, South Pacific","title":"Stratigraphy and Chronology of Late Pleistocene Reefs in the Southern Cook Islands, South Pacific","citation":"","citation_label":"Woodroffe et al. 1991","source_label":"Journal article","summary":"Describes fossil reef and ages to constrain late Pleistocene sea-level history across the southern group.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/woodroffe-short-1991-late-pleistocene-reefs-southern-cook-islands.pdf","date":"","year":"1991","authors":"Colin D. Woodroffe and Stephen A. 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Camoin and Nadine Hallmann","author_short":"Camoin et al."},{"id":"ref-du-2026","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-du-2026","type":"reference","label":"Discovery of young submarine volcanism in the Cook Islands: New constraints on the location of the Rarotonga hotspot","title":"Discovery of young submarine volcanism in the Cook Islands: New constraints on the location of the Rarotonga hotspot","citation":"","citation_label":"Du et al. 2026","source_label":"Journal article","summary":"Identifies very young submarine volcanism and sharpens the inferred position of the Rarotonga hotspot.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/du-et-al-2026-young-submarine-volcanism-rarotonga-hotspot.pdf","date":"","year":"2026","authors":"Yifan Du et al.","author_short":"Du et al."}]}],"evidence":[{"id":"daily-log-corpus","html_id":"synthesis-source-daily-log-corpus","type":"repository_data","label":"Raw daily log corpus","title":"Raw daily log corpus","citation":"Daily logs","citation_label":"Daily logs","source_label":"","summary":"18 rendered daily logs with cleaned note timelines, raw transcript access, GPS field routes, and matched media evidence.","quote":"","href":"data/daily-logs.json","date":"","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"field-note-corpus","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-corpus","type":"repository_data","label":"Recorder-derived field-note YAML","title":"Recorder-derived field-note YAML","citation":"Field notes","citation_label":"Field notes","source_label":"","summary":"18 normalized field-note records loaded from data/field_notes.","quote":"","href":"data/field_notes.json","date":"","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"sample-manifest","html_id":"synthesis-source-sample-manifest","type":"repository_data","label":"NES fossil coral sample manifest","title":"NES fossil coral sample manifest","citation":"Sample ledger","citation_label":"Sample ledger","source_label":"","summary":"123 fossil coral sample rows and 230 matched sample photos from the NES sample outputs.","quote":"","href":"samples.html","date":"","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"gps-height-points","html_id":"synthesis-source-gps-height-points","type":"repository_data","label":"GPS height-control points","title":"GPS height-control points","citation":"GPS heights","citation_label":"GPS heights","source_label":"","summary":"406 GPS features contain height_m_above_mean_sea_level fields.","quote":"","href":"data/gps_points.geojson","date":"","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"tide-datums","html_id":"synthesis-source-tide-datums","type":"repository_data","label":"Tide-gauge datum products","title":"Tide-gauge datum products","citation":"Tide datums","citation_label":"Tide datums","source_label":"","summary":"4 rendered island tide-gauge datum records with datum figures and plots.","quote":"","href":"data/tidal-datums.json","date":"","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"backblaze-media-manifest","html_id":"synthesis-source-backblaze-media-manifest","type":"repository_data","label":"Backblaze field media manifest","title":"Backblaze field media manifest","citation":"Backblaze media","citation_label":"Backblaze media","source_label":"","summary":"Public field photos are resolved through the Backblaze-backed media manifest where available.","quote":"","href":"data/media-manifest.json","date":"","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"ref-marshall-1927","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-marshall-1927","type":"reference","label":"Geology of Mangaia","title":"Geology of Mangaia","citation":"","citation_label":"Marshall 1927","source_label":"Museum bulletin","summary":"Early Bishop Museum description of Mangaia, including the fringing reef, terrace slope, makatea, volcanic core, and geologic history.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/marshall-1927-geology-of-mangaia.pdf","date":"","year":"1927","authors":"P. Marshall","author_short":"Marshall"},{"id":"ref-marshall-1930","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-marshall-1930","type":"reference","label":"Geology of Rarotonga and Atiu","title":"Geology of Rarotonga and Atiu","citation":"","citation_label":"Marshall 1930","source_label":"Museum bulletin","summary":"Full Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 72 scan covering Rarotonga and Atiu geology, including reef flats, makatea, igneous rocks, caves, and mapped coastal sections.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/marshall-1930-geology-of-rarotonga-and-atiu.pdf","date":"","year":"1930","authors":"P. Marshall","author_short":"Marshall"},{"id":"ref-veeh-1966","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-veeh-1966","type":"reference","label":"Th230/U238 and U234/U238 ages of Pleistocene high sea level stand","title":"Th230/U238 and U234/U238 ages of Pleistocene high sea level stand","citation":"","citation_label":"Veeh 1966","source_label":"Journal article","summary":"Reports uranium-series ages for fossil corals from emerged reefs, including two Mangaia samples used in later southern Cook Islands terrace syntheses.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/veeh-1966-th230-u238-u234-u238-ages-pleistocene-high-sea-level-stand.pdf","date":"","year":"1966","authors":"H. Herbert Veeh","author_short":"Veeh"},{"id":"ref-wood-1967","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-wood-1967","type":"reference","label":"Geology of the Cook Islands","title":"Geology of the Cook Islands","citation":"","citation_label":"Wood 1967","source_label":"Journal article","summary":"Geologic overview of all 15 islands, including volcanic history, makatea, and atoll development.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/wood-1967-geology-of-the-cook-islands.pdf","date":"","year":"1967","authors":"B. L. Wood","author_short":"Wood"},{"id":"ref-schofield-1970","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-schofield-1970","type":"reference","label":"Notes on late quaternary sea levels, Fiji and Rarotonga","title":"Notes on late quaternary sea levels, Fiji and Rarotonga","citation":"","citation_label":"Schofield 1970","source_label":"Journal article","summary":"Early NZ geologic survey of Rarotonga carbonates.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/schofield-1970-notes-on-late-quaternary-sea-levels-fiji-and-rarotonga.pdf","date":"","year":"1970","authors":"J. C. Schofield","author_short":"Schofield"},{"id":"ref-lambeck-1981","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-lambeck-1981","type":"reference","label":"Lithospheric response to volcanic loading in the Southern Cook Islands","title":"Lithospheric response to volcanic loading in the Southern Cook Islands","citation":"","citation_label":"Lambeck 1981","source_label":"Journal article","summary":"Uses uplift, bathymetry, and geoid data to model lithospheric flexure beneath the southern islands.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/lambeck-1981-lithospheric-response-volcanic-loading-southern-cook-islands.pdf","date":"","year":"1981","authors":"Kurt Lambeck","author_short":"Lambeck"},{"id":"ref-woodroffe-holocene-1990","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-woodroffe-holocene-1990","type":"reference","label":"Holocene emergence in the Cook Islands, South Pacific","title":"Holocene emergence in the Cook Islands, South Pacific","citation":"","citation_label":"Woodroffe et al. 1990","source_label":"Journal article","summary":"Documents Holocene emergent reef, algal-ridge, notch, and radiocarbon evidence from Suwarrow, Mitiaro, Mauke, Atiu, and Mangaia.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/BF00686719.pdf","date":"","year":"1990","authors":"C. D. Woodroffe, D. R. Stoddart, T. Spencer, T. P. Scoffin, and A. W. Tudhope","author_short":"Woodroffe et al."},{"id":"ref-stoddart-woodroffe-spencer-1990","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-stoddart-woodroffe-spencer-1990","type":"reference","label":"Mauke, Mitiaro and Atiu: Geomorphology of Makatea Islands in the Southern Cooks","title":"Mauke, Mitiaro and Atiu: Geomorphology of Makatea Islands in the Southern Cooks","citation":"","citation_label":"Stoddart et al. 1990","source_label":"Atoll Research Bulletin","summary":"Atoll Research Bulletin 341 survey of makatea geomorphology, topographic profiles, Pleistocene limestones, coastal morphology, and Holocene coastal features on Mauke, Mitiaro, and Atiu.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/stoddart-woodroffe-spencer-1990-mauke-mitiaro-atiu-geomorphology-makatea-islands.pdf","date":"","year":"1990","authors":"D. R. Stoddart, C. D. Woodroffe, and T. Spencer","author_short":"Stoddart et al."},{"id":"ref-woodroffe-short-1991","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-woodroffe-short-1991","type":"reference","label":"Stratigraphy and Chronology of Late Pleistocene Reefs in the Southern Cook Islands, South Pacific","title":"Stratigraphy and Chronology of Late Pleistocene Reefs in the Southern Cook Islands, South Pacific","citation":"","citation_label":"Woodroffe et al. 1991","source_label":"Journal article","summary":"Describes fossil reef and ages to constrain late Pleistocene sea-level history across the southern group.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/woodroffe-short-1991-late-pleistocene-reefs-southern-cook-islands.pdf","date":"","year":"1991","authors":"Colin D. Woodroffe and Stephen A. Short","author_short":"Woodroffe et al."},{"id":"ref-gray-et-al-1992","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-gray-et-al-1992","type":"reference","label":"Geochronology and subsurface stratigraphy of Pukapuka and Rakahanga atolls, Cook Islands: Late Quaternary reef growth and sea level history","title":"Geochronology and subsurface stratigraphy of Pukapuka and Rakahanga atolls, Cook Islands: Late Quaternary reef growth and sea level history","citation":"","citation_label":"Gray et al. 1992","source_label":"Journal article","summary":"ESR and U-series ages from cores drilled in Pukapuka and Rakahanga atolls, northern Cook Islands","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/gray1991.pdf","date":"","year":"1992","authors":"Sarah C. Gray, James R. Hein, Ruth Hausmann, and Ulrich Radtke","author_short":"Gray et al."},{"id":"ref-nakada-1996","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-nakada-1996","type":"reference","label":"Viscosity structure of the oceanic lithosphere inferred from the differential late Quaternary sea-level variations for the southern Cook Islands","title":"Viscosity structure of the oceanic lithosphere inferred from the differential late Quaternary sea-level variations for the southern Cook Islands","citation":"","citation_label":"Nakada 1996","source_label":"Journal article","summary":"Discusses lithospheric flexure beneath the southern islands using uplift, bathymetry, and geoid data.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/nakada1991.pdf","date":"","year":"1996","authors":"Masao Nakada","author_short":"Nakada"},{"id":"ref-moriwaki-2006","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-moriwaki-2006","type":"reference","label":"Holocene changes in sea level and coastal environments on Rarotonga, Cook Islands, South Pacific Ocean","title":"Holocene changes in sea level and coastal environments on Rarotonga, Cook Islands, South Pacific Ocean","citation":"","citation_label":"Moriwaki et al. 2006","source_label":"Journal article","summary":"Reconstructs mid- to late-Holocene shoreline development on eastern Rarotonga from geomorphic mapping, coring, excavation, and radiocarbon dates.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/moriwaki-et-al-2006-holocene-changes-in-sea-level-and-coastal-environments-on-rarotonga-cook-islands-south-pacific-ocean.pdf","date":"","year":"2006","authors":"Hiroshi Moriwaki, Masashi Chikamori, Mitsuru Okuno, and Toshio Nakamura","author_short":"Moriwaki et al."},{"id":"ref-huppert-et-al-2015","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-huppert-et-al-2015","type":"reference","label":"Dominant influence of volcanic loading on vertical motions of the Hawaiian Islands","title":"Dominant influence of volcanic loading on vertical motions of the Hawaiian Islands","citation":"","citation_label":"Huppert et al. 2015","source_label":"Journal article","summary":"Uses paleoshorelines and tide-gauge data to show that volcanic loading explains hotspot-island uplift and subsidence.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/huppert-royden-perron-2015-dominant-influence-of-volcanic-loading-on-vertical-motions-of-the-hawaiian-islands.pdf","date":"","year":"2015","authors":"Kimberly L. Huppert, Leigh H. Royden, and J. Taylor Perron","author_short":"Huppert et al."},{"id":"ref-camoin-hallmann-2022","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-camoin-hallmann-2022","type":"reference","label":"Coral Reefs and Sea-Level Change: Quaternary Records and Modelling","title":"Coral Reefs and Sea-Level Change: Quaternary Records and Modelling","citation":"","citation_label":"Camoin et al. 2022","source_label":"Edited volume","summary":"IAS Special Publication on Quaternary reef records and sea-level modelling, including Cook Islands reef-terrace context.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/camoin-hallmann-2022-coral-reefs-and-sea-level-change-quaternary-records-and-modelling.pdf","date":"","year":"2022","authors":"Gilbert F. Camoin and Nadine Hallmann","author_short":"Camoin et al."},{"id":"ref-du-2026","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-du-2026","type":"reference","label":"Discovery of young submarine volcanism in the Cook Islands: New constraints on the location of the Rarotonga hotspot","title":"Discovery of young submarine volcanism in the Cook Islands: New constraints on the location of the Rarotonga hotspot","citation":"","citation_label":"Du et al. 2026","source_label":"Journal article","summary":"Identifies very young submarine volcanism and sharpens the inferred position of the Rarotonga hotspot.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/du-et-al-2026-young-submarine-volcanism-rarotonga-hotspot.pdf","date":"","year":"2026","authors":"Yifan Du et al.","author_short":"Du et al."},{"id":"field-note-2026-05-25-atiu","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-05-25-atiu","type":"field_note","label":"Atiu field note, 2026-05-25","title":"Atiu field note, 2026-05-25","citation":"Atiu 2026-05-25","citation_label":"Atiu 2026-05-25","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-05-25-atiu-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"Arrival-day work covered tide-gauge setup, first reconnaissance stops on the Atiu reef benches, South Point observations, and the harbour tide-gauge datum tie. Observation times were matched to the nearest GPS fixes in the raw field log.","quote":"{'Three tide gauges were programmed at 30 s intervals': 'one land reference and two planned water deployments.'}","href":"daily/2026-05-25/","date":"2026-05-25","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"field-note-2026-05-26-atiu","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-05-26-atiu","type":"field_note","label":"Atiu field note, 2026-05-26","title":"Atiu field note, 2026-05-26","citation":"Atiu 2026-05-26","citation_label":"Atiu 2026-05-26","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-05-26-atiu-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"May 26 built the first detailed Atiu framework comparison at HS101 Matai and HS102 Tuaroa Beach. Field observations separate lower, large growth-position branching coral from upper Diploria-like, honeycomb, smooth, and encrusting coral forms, then tie those facies observations to HS101 samples A-G, GCPs, and drone passes. The day also records rough-wave limits at HS102, sample control on several coral morphotypes.","quote":"HS101/Matai was walked specifically to compare the observed section with Woodroffe-style lower reef, upper reef, and possible intervening sand or discontinuity questions.","href":"daily/2026-05-26/","date":"2026-05-26","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"field-note-2026-05-27-atiu","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-05-27-atiu","type":"field_note","label":"Atiu field note, 2026-05-27","title":"Atiu field note, 2026-05-27","citation":"Atiu 2026-05-27","citation_label":"Atiu 2026-05-27","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-05-27-atiu-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"May 27 focused on the Cook's Landing/Oravaru HS103 and Tangaroa harbor HS104 exposures as context for Atiu's published makatea stratigraphy: lower in situ reef, sand or discontinuity, and upper rubble or reef units. Field observations and GPS ties document sand sheets over coral framework, drone control and sample layout, a fresh harbor-wall comparison, and an inland recrystallized makatea check at Old Canyon.","quote":"Cook's Landing exposes a lower growth-position coral framework with brain, stony, and branching corals that is draped and infilled by coarse angular sand, coral clasts, and breccia blocks.","href":"daily/2026-05-27/","date":"2026-05-27","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"field-note-2026-05-28-atiu","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-05-28-atiu","type":"field_note","label":"Atiu field note, 2026-05-28","title":"Atiu field note, 2026-05-28","citation":"Atiu 2026-05-28","citation_label":"Atiu 2026-05-28","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-05-28-atiu-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"May 28 tied the Old Canyon/HS105 road stop, the Tarapaku/HS106 coast, and the Turua HS107 reef table into the Atiu makatea framework built over the previous two days. The added Tarapaku reef-flat observations sharpen the morning interpretation: the landing/notch area has massive Porites-rich framework, reef-flat microatolls, Halimeda and diverse corals, and a hard cemented shell/grain surface that may help identify.","quote":"Tarapaku landing has an accessible steep path and canoe-ramp area, massive Porites-rich framework, and a 1-3 m coastal notch; photos targeted a large Porites colony with borings, encrusters, branching corals, and a notch to check later with drone imagery and GPS elevation control.","href":"daily/2026-05-28/","date":"2026-05-28","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"field-note-2026-05-29-atiu","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-05-29-atiu","type":"field_note","label":"Atiu field note, 2026-05-29","title":"Atiu field note, 2026-05-29","citation":"Atiu 2026-05-29","citation_label":"Atiu 2026-05-29","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-05-29-atiu-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"May 29 adds a short Atiu quarry check after the earlier coastal work. The 09:51 CKT observation and the top-of-quarry EOS rows at 10:06-10:10 place the team in a heavily recrystallized inland makatea exposure with flowstone, probable calcite crystals, micrite-like fabric, and still-visible reef texture/corals. This fits the published caution that inland Atiu makatea can be older and more altered than the late.","quote":"The quarry road was blocked by a locked gate, but the team had permission and accessed the site around the right side of the gate.","href":"daily/2026-05-29/","date":"2026-05-29","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"field-note-2026-05-31-rarotonga","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-05-31-rarotonga","type":"field_note","label":"Rarotonga field note, 2026-05-31","title":"Rarotonga field note, 2026-05-31","citation":"Rarotonga 2026-05-31","citation_label":"Rarotonga 2026-05-31","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-05-31-rarotonga-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"May 31 focused on the Ngatangiia east-coast reef terrace at low tide, with field observations matched to the published Gischler/Moriwaki Ngatangiia reference locality. The notes separate a lower tidal bench and modern notch check from a slightly higher, road-adjacent reef-terrace outcrop. Field observations include large but weathered coral blocks, possible growth-position branching corals, encruster-like plates.","quote":"The stop is co-located with the Ngatangiia reference station in the published Rarotonga reef-terrace work, not a new isolated locality.","href":"daily/2026-05-31/","date":"2026-05-31","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"field-note-2026-06-01-mangaia","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-06-01-mangaia","type":"field_note","label":"Mangaia field note, 2026-06-01","title":"Mangaia field note, 2026-06-01","citation":"Mangaia 2026-06-01","citation_label":"Mangaia 2026-06-01","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-06-01-mangaia-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"June 1 opened the Mangaia work with transfer logistics, the first harbor tide-gauge and reef-flat observations, and an afternoon traverse across the Saragossa HS109 fossil-reef outcrop. Field observations and Cook Atlas points distinguish the lower harbor flat from the higher coral-framework reef, then record HS109 samples, GCPs, recrystallized grainstone, and an inland coral head near the next cliff.","quote":"Harbor observations separate perched beachrock, modern to lower intertidal reef-flat fabric, and candidate older reef framework, but the age relation remains unresolved.","href":"daily/2026-06-01/","date":"2026-06-01","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"field-note-2026-06-02-mangaia","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-06-02-mangaia","type":"field_note","label":"Mangaia field note, 2026-06-02","title":"Mangaia field note, 2026-06-02","citation":"Mangaia 2026-06-02","citation_label":"Mangaia 2026-06-02","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-06-02-mangaia-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"June 2 concentrated on three Mangaia fossil-reef sites plus a harbor tide-gauge repeat. Araoa HS110 tested cave, notch, infill, and dated-coral hypotheses at the coast. HS111 Ivirua then documented a large growth-position framework reef and candidate older reef flat, and HS112 Karanga added a late afternoon comparison site with in-situ corals, modern low-tide reef-flat exposure, samples, and GCPs.","quote":"Araoa HS110 preserves coastal framework, cave or notch geometry, platy grainstone, high Porites, possible Holocene patch reef, and several competing infill models.","href":"daily/2026-06-02/","date":"2026-06-02","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"field-note-2026-06-03-mangaia","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-06-03-mangaia","type":"field_note","label":"Mangaia field note, 2026-06-03","title":"Mangaia field note, 2026-06-03","citation":"Mangaia 2026-06-03","citation_label":"Mangaia 2026-06-03","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-06-03-mangaia-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"June 3 extended the Saragossa work upward and inland across Mangaia's makatea cliff sequence. The day documented a high makatea drive stop, a traverse on the second cliff above the earlier Saragossa outcrop, groove, notch, fracture, and cobble features with uncertain origin, and the HS113 intermediate patch-reef survey with samples and GCPs late in the day.","quote":"High makatea and second-cliff observations fit Mangaia's stepped raised-reef geomorphology, but local contacts between first cliff, second bench, and higher cliff remain uncertain.","href":"daily/2026-06-03/","date":"2026-06-03","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"field-note-2026-06-04-mangaia","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-06-04-mangaia","type":"field_note","label":"Mangaia field note, 2026-06-04","title":"Mangaia field note, 2026-06-04","citation":"Mangaia 2026-06-04","citation_label":"Mangaia 2026-06-04","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-06-04-mangaia-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"June 4 paired a morning modern tidal-flat survey at HS114 Araoa Beach 2 with afternoon HS115 work across a shoreward transect, samples, GCPs, and a higher reef near the second high cliff. The morning work emphasized water-depth and datum control, followed by increasingly complex afternoon questions about in-situ framework, vegetation-weathering effects, fallen cliff blocks, sea-cave collapse, and possible.","quote":"HS114 provides modern reef-flat water-depth and GCP control that can calibrate fossil reef-flat interpretations elsewhere on Mangaia.","href":"daily/2026-06-04/","date":"2026-06-04","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"field-note-2026-06-05-mauke","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-06-05-mauke","type":"field_note","label":"Mauke field note, 2026-06-05","title":"Mauke field note, 2026-06-05","citation":"Mauke 2026-06-05","citation_label":"Mauke 2026-06-05","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-06-05-mauke-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"June 5 was a short Mauke arrival and setup day. The team placed the harbor tide gauge and measured the concrete reference above it, then made a late Tukuna Beach reconnaissance where broad spur-and-groove topography, possible encruster growth, and weathered bioencrusted outcrop tops were noted without assigning age.","quote":"A tide gauge was placed in a protected Mauke harbor hole beside the road, apparently exposed near low tide.","href":"daily/2026-06-05/","date":"2026-06-05","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"field-note-2026-06-06-mauke","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-06-06-mauke","type":"field_note","label":"Mauke field note, 2026-06-06","title":"Mauke field note, 2026-06-06","citation":"Mauke 2026-06-06","citation_label":"Mauke 2026-06-06","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-06-06-mauke-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"June 6 was the main Mauke raised-reef transect day. The team checked modern reef-flat and western-road exposures, then worked HS116 Anaraura, HS117, and HS118 Tukume, documenting two-layer reef relations, in-situ versus rubble uncertainty, Tridacna and coral samples, GCPs, and several sighted height offsets that require careful datum handling.","quote":"Modern reef-flat checks documented living or recently active vermetid hardground, calcareous algae, encrusters, corals in small holes, and sand or bedrock filling grooves.","href":"daily/2026-06-06/","date":"2026-06-06","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"field-note-2026-06-07-mauke","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-06-07-mauke","type":"field_note","label":"Mauke field note, 2026-06-07","title":"Mauke field note, 2026-06-07","citation":"Mauke 2026-06-07","citation_label":"Mauke 2026-06-07","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-06-07-mauke-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"June 7 focused on Mauke sites that can tie modern reef-flat observations, GPS/GCP control, and raised makatea exposures back to the Stoddart/Woodroffe Uriaata and Aanga profile framework. The strongest observations are descriptive rather than age-diagnostic: HS119 at Uriaata preserves raised spur-and-groove reef fabric, large Porites, modern reef-flat microatolls, bioencrusted fossil coral tops, and possible.","quote":"HS119 at Uriaata was linked to the Woodroffe and Stoddart profile framework; the field notes describe an about 8 m spur, higher carbonate outcrops upslope, and large in-situ Porites.","href":"daily/2026-06-07/","date":"2026-06-07","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"field-note-2026-06-08-mauke","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-06-08-mauke","type":"field_note","label":"Mauke field note, 2026-06-08","title":"Mauke field note, 2026-06-08","citation":"Mauke 2026-06-08","citation_label":"Mauke 2026-06-08","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-06-08-mauke-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"June 8 was a short Mauke wrap-up day. The team removed the Mauke harbor tide gauge and revisited HS120 Arapaea for a drone refly after the prior flight apparently failed to record photographs.","quote":"The Mauke harbor tide gauge was removed before departure.","href":"daily/2026-06-08/","date":"2026-06-08","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"field-note-2026-06-09-mitiaro","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-06-09-mitiaro","type":"field_note","label":"Mitiaro field note, 2026-06-09","title":"Mitiaro field note, 2026-06-09","citation":"Mitiaro 2026-06-09","citation_label":"Mitiaro 2026-06-09","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-06-09-mitiaro-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"June 9 was the first full Mitiaro recorder day. Work began with a temporary tide-gauge deployment at Mitiaro Harbor, then moved through a morning makatea and reef-outcrop reconnaissance, a south-coast reddish-weathering check, and afternoon HS122 work at Teunu. The recorder notes document control points, sample labels, possible U-series targets, storm-affected boulders, a vegetated low-pool/ledge feature, and.","quote":"Mitiaro Harbor tide-gauge control was started, including a 191 cm offset from the tide-gauge rock to the concrete harbor surface; the exact gauge reference point still needs datum reconciliation.","href":"daily/2026-06-09/","date":"2026-06-09","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"field-note-2026-06-10-mitiaro","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-06-10-mitiaro","type":"field_note","label":"Mitiaro field note, 2026-06-10","title":"Mitiaro field note, 2026-06-10","citation":"Mitiaro 2026-06-10","citation_label":"Mitiaro 2026-06-10","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-06-10-mitiaro-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"June 10 focused on Mitiaro HS123 along the Te Rotonui road and a later HS124 reef-flat stop. The recorder notes document a perched-beach or eolianite-like sand layer, coral-rich outcrop below it, possible Holocene notch fill, ambiguous MIS 5e versus Holocene relations, sample and GCP control, and modern reef-flat water-level observations.","quote":"At HS123, a top sand layer was described as angular and perched-beach or eolianite-like, probably linked to high-energy events rather than a textbook well-sorted eolianite.","href":"daily/2026-06-10/","date":"2026-06-10","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"field-note-2026-06-11-mitiaro","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-06-11-mitiaro","type":"field_note","label":"Mitiaro field note, 2026-06-11","title":"Mitiaro field note, 2026-06-11","citation":"Mitiaro 2026-06-11","citation_label":"Mitiaro 2026-06-11","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-06-11-mitiaro-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"June 11 added a short Mitiaro HS125 stop and a high-energy west-side beach check. The field notes emphasize backreef and spur relief, uncertainty in separating Holocene from MIS 5e material near sea level, recent sand mobility, and the possibility that perched beaches explain sand bodies seen high on windy coasts.","quote":"At HS125, the backreef or broad landward surface appears higher than the spurs, producing a gentle slope toward the road.","href":"daily/2026-06-11/","date":"2026-06-11","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"field-note-2026-06-12-mitiaro","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-06-12-mitiaro","type":"field_note","label":"Mitiaro field note, 2026-06-12","title":"Mitiaro field note, 2026-06-12","citation":"Mitiaro 2026-06-12","citation_label":"Mitiaro 2026-06-12","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-06-12-mitiaro-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"June 12 contains a single Mitiaro harbor recorder note documenting removal of the temporary tide gauge before departure. The scientific use is datum bookkeeping rather than a new outcrop observation.","quote":"The temporary Mitiaro harbor tide gauge had been removed a few minutes before the recorder mark.","href":"daily/2026-06-12/","date":"2026-06-12","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"sea-level-indicator-guardrails","html_id":"synthesis-source-sea-level-indicator-guardrails","type":"method","label":"Sea-level indicator guardrails","title":"Sea-level indicator guardrails","citation":"Indicator guardrails","citation_label":"Indicator guardrails","source_label":"Cook Islands carbonate synthesis skill","summary":"Use growth-position corals, microatolls, coralgal or vermetid rims, datum-tied reef framework, and measured water-level transects as stronger indicators; treat loose rubble, storm boulders, weathered notches, cave fill, and recrystallized makatea as provisional.","quote":"Do not use a U-series age as sea-level evidence unless growth position, elevation, and indicative meaning are also constrained.","href":"","date":"","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""}],"evidence_by_id":{"daily-log-corpus":{"id":"daily-log-corpus","html_id":"synthesis-source-daily-log-corpus","type":"repository_data","label":"Raw daily log corpus","title":"Raw daily log corpus","citation":"Daily logs","citation_label":"Daily logs","source_label":"","summary":"18 rendered daily logs with cleaned note timelines, raw transcript access, GPS field routes, and matched media evidence.","quote":"","href":"data/daily-logs.json","date":"","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},"field-note-corpus":{"id":"field-note-corpus","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-corpus","type":"repository_data","label":"Recorder-derived field-note YAML","title":"Recorder-derived field-note YAML","citation":"Field notes","citation_label":"Field notes","source_label":"","summary":"18 normalized field-note records loaded from data/field_notes.","quote":"","href":"data/field_notes.json","date":"","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},"sample-manifest":{"id":"sample-manifest","html_id":"synthesis-source-sample-manifest","type":"repository_data","label":"NES fossil coral sample manifest","title":"NES fossil coral sample manifest","citation":"Sample ledger","citation_label":"Sample ledger","source_label":"","summary":"123 fossil coral sample rows and 230 matched sample photos from the NES sample outputs.","quote":"","href":"samples.html","date":"","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},"gps-height-points":{"id":"gps-height-points","html_id":"synthesis-source-gps-height-points","type":"repository_data","label":"GPS height-control points","title":"GPS height-control points","citation":"GPS heights","citation_label":"GPS heights","source_label":"","summary":"406 GPS features contain height_m_above_mean_sea_level fields.","quote":"","href":"data/gps_points.geojson","date":"","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},"tide-datums":{"id":"tide-datums","html_id":"synthesis-source-tide-datums","type":"repository_data","label":"Tide-gauge datum products","title":"Tide-gauge datum products","citation":"Tide datums","citation_label":"Tide datums","source_label":"","summary":"4 rendered island tide-gauge datum records with datum figures and plots.","quote":"","href":"data/tidal-datums.json","date":"","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},"backblaze-media-manifest":{"id":"backblaze-media-manifest","html_id":"synthesis-source-backblaze-media-manifest","type":"repository_data","label":"Backblaze field media manifest","title":"Backblaze field media manifest","citation":"Backblaze media","citation_label":"Backblaze media","source_label":"","summary":"Public field photos are resolved through the Backblaze-backed media manifest where available.","quote":"","href":"data/media-manifest.json","date":"","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},"ref-marshall-1927":{"id":"ref-marshall-1927","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-marshall-1927","type":"reference","label":"Geology of Mangaia","title":"Geology of Mangaia","citation":"","citation_label":"Marshall 1927","source_label":"Museum bulletin","summary":"Early Bishop Museum description of Mangaia, including the fringing reef, terrace slope, makatea, volcanic core, and geologic history.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/marshall-1927-geology-of-mangaia.pdf","date":"","year":"1927","authors":"P. Marshall","author_short":"Marshall"},"ref-marshall-1930":{"id":"ref-marshall-1930","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-marshall-1930","type":"reference","label":"Geology of Rarotonga and Atiu","title":"Geology of Rarotonga and Atiu","citation":"","citation_label":"Marshall 1930","source_label":"Museum bulletin","summary":"Full Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 72 scan covering Rarotonga and Atiu geology, including reef flats, makatea, igneous rocks, caves, and mapped coastal sections.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/marshall-1930-geology-of-rarotonga-and-atiu.pdf","date":"","year":"1930","authors":"P. Marshall","author_short":"Marshall"},"ref-veeh-1966":{"id":"ref-veeh-1966","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-veeh-1966","type":"reference","label":"Th230/U238 and U234/U238 ages of Pleistocene high sea level stand","title":"Th230/U238 and U234/U238 ages of Pleistocene high sea level stand","citation":"","citation_label":"Veeh 1966","source_label":"Journal article","summary":"Reports uranium-series ages for fossil corals from emerged reefs, including two Mangaia samples used in later southern Cook Islands terrace syntheses.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/veeh-1966-th230-u238-u234-u238-ages-pleistocene-high-sea-level-stand.pdf","date":"","year":"1966","authors":"H. Herbert Veeh","author_short":"Veeh"},"ref-wood-1967":{"id":"ref-wood-1967","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-wood-1967","type":"reference","label":"Geology of the Cook Islands","title":"Geology of the Cook Islands","citation":"","citation_label":"Wood 1967","source_label":"Journal article","summary":"Geologic overview of all 15 islands, including volcanic history, makatea, and atoll development.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/wood-1967-geology-of-the-cook-islands.pdf","date":"","year":"1967","authors":"B. L. Wood","author_short":"Wood"},"ref-schofield-1970":{"id":"ref-schofield-1970","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-schofield-1970","type":"reference","label":"Notes on late quaternary sea levels, Fiji and Rarotonga","title":"Notes on late quaternary sea levels, Fiji and Rarotonga","citation":"","citation_label":"Schofield 1970","source_label":"Journal article","summary":"Early NZ geologic survey of Rarotonga carbonates.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/schofield-1970-notes-on-late-quaternary-sea-levels-fiji-and-rarotonga.pdf","date":"","year":"1970","authors":"J. C. Schofield","author_short":"Schofield"},"ref-lambeck-1981":{"id":"ref-lambeck-1981","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-lambeck-1981","type":"reference","label":"Lithospheric response to volcanic loading in the Southern Cook Islands","title":"Lithospheric response to volcanic loading in the Southern Cook Islands","citation":"","citation_label":"Lambeck 1981","source_label":"Journal article","summary":"Uses uplift, bathymetry, and geoid data to model lithospheric flexure beneath the southern islands.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/lambeck-1981-lithospheric-response-volcanic-loading-southern-cook-islands.pdf","date":"","year":"1981","authors":"Kurt Lambeck","author_short":"Lambeck"},"ref-woodroffe-holocene-1990":{"id":"ref-woodroffe-holocene-1990","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-woodroffe-holocene-1990","type":"reference","label":"Holocene emergence in the Cook Islands, South Pacific","title":"Holocene emergence in the Cook Islands, South Pacific","citation":"","citation_label":"Woodroffe et al. 1990","source_label":"Journal article","summary":"Documents Holocene emergent reef, algal-ridge, notch, and radiocarbon evidence from Suwarrow, Mitiaro, Mauke, Atiu, and Mangaia.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/BF00686719.pdf","date":"","year":"1990","authors":"C. D. Woodroffe, D. R. Stoddart, T. Spencer, T. P. Scoffin, and A. W. Tudhope","author_short":"Woodroffe et al."},"ref-stoddart-woodroffe-spencer-1990":{"id":"ref-stoddart-woodroffe-spencer-1990","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-stoddart-woodroffe-spencer-1990","type":"reference","label":"Mauke, Mitiaro and Atiu: Geomorphology of Makatea Islands in the Southern Cooks","title":"Mauke, Mitiaro and Atiu: Geomorphology of Makatea Islands in the Southern Cooks","citation":"","citation_label":"Stoddart et al. 1990","source_label":"Atoll Research Bulletin","summary":"Atoll Research Bulletin 341 survey of makatea geomorphology, topographic profiles, Pleistocene limestones, coastal morphology, and Holocene coastal features on Mauke, Mitiaro, and Atiu.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/stoddart-woodroffe-spencer-1990-mauke-mitiaro-atiu-geomorphology-makatea-islands.pdf","date":"","year":"1990","authors":"D. R. Stoddart, C. D. Woodroffe, and T. Spencer","author_short":"Stoddart et al."},"ref-woodroffe-short-1991":{"id":"ref-woodroffe-short-1991","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-woodroffe-short-1991","type":"reference","label":"Stratigraphy and Chronology of Late Pleistocene Reefs in the Southern Cook Islands, South Pacific","title":"Stratigraphy and Chronology of Late Pleistocene Reefs in the Southern Cook Islands, South Pacific","citation":"","citation_label":"Woodroffe et al. 1991","source_label":"Journal article","summary":"Describes fossil reef and ages to constrain late Pleistocene sea-level history across the southern group.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/woodroffe-short-1991-late-pleistocene-reefs-southern-cook-islands.pdf","date":"","year":"1991","authors":"Colin D. Woodroffe and Stephen A. Short","author_short":"Woodroffe et al."},"ref-gray-et-al-1992":{"id":"ref-gray-et-al-1992","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-gray-et-al-1992","type":"reference","label":"Geochronology and subsurface stratigraphy of Pukapuka and Rakahanga atolls, Cook Islands: Late Quaternary reef growth and sea level history","title":"Geochronology and subsurface stratigraphy of Pukapuka and Rakahanga atolls, Cook Islands: Late Quaternary reef growth and sea level history","citation":"","citation_label":"Gray et al. 1992","source_label":"Journal article","summary":"ESR and U-series ages from cores drilled in Pukapuka and Rakahanga atolls, northern Cook Islands","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/gray1991.pdf","date":"","year":"1992","authors":"Sarah C. Gray, James R. Hein, Ruth Hausmann, and Ulrich Radtke","author_short":"Gray et al."},"ref-nakada-1996":{"id":"ref-nakada-1996","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-nakada-1996","type":"reference","label":"Viscosity structure of the oceanic lithosphere inferred from the differential late Quaternary sea-level variations for the southern Cook Islands","title":"Viscosity structure of the oceanic lithosphere inferred from the differential late Quaternary sea-level variations for the southern Cook Islands","citation":"","citation_label":"Nakada 1996","source_label":"Journal article","summary":"Discusses lithospheric flexure beneath the southern islands using uplift, bathymetry, and geoid data.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/nakada1991.pdf","date":"","year":"1996","authors":"Masao Nakada","author_short":"Nakada"},"ref-moriwaki-2006":{"id":"ref-moriwaki-2006","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-moriwaki-2006","type":"reference","label":"Holocene changes in sea level and coastal environments on Rarotonga, Cook Islands, South Pacific Ocean","title":"Holocene changes in sea level and coastal environments on Rarotonga, Cook Islands, South Pacific Ocean","citation":"","citation_label":"Moriwaki et al. 2006","source_label":"Journal article","summary":"Reconstructs mid- to late-Holocene shoreline development on eastern Rarotonga from geomorphic mapping, coring, excavation, and radiocarbon dates.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/moriwaki-et-al-2006-holocene-changes-in-sea-level-and-coastal-environments-on-rarotonga-cook-islands-south-pacific-ocean.pdf","date":"","year":"2006","authors":"Hiroshi Moriwaki, Masashi Chikamori, Mitsuru Okuno, and Toshio Nakamura","author_short":"Moriwaki et al."},"ref-huppert-et-al-2015":{"id":"ref-huppert-et-al-2015","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-huppert-et-al-2015","type":"reference","label":"Dominant influence of volcanic loading on vertical motions of the Hawaiian Islands","title":"Dominant influence of volcanic loading on vertical motions of the Hawaiian Islands","citation":"","citation_label":"Huppert et al. 2015","source_label":"Journal article","summary":"Uses paleoshorelines and tide-gauge data to show that volcanic loading explains hotspot-island uplift and subsidence.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/huppert-royden-perron-2015-dominant-influence-of-volcanic-loading-on-vertical-motions-of-the-hawaiian-islands.pdf","date":"","year":"2015","authors":"Kimberly L. Huppert, Leigh H. Royden, and J. Taylor Perron","author_short":"Huppert et al."},"ref-camoin-hallmann-2022":{"id":"ref-camoin-hallmann-2022","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-camoin-hallmann-2022","type":"reference","label":"Coral Reefs and Sea-Level Change: Quaternary Records and Modelling","title":"Coral Reefs and Sea-Level Change: Quaternary Records and Modelling","citation":"","citation_label":"Camoin et al. 2022","source_label":"Edited volume","summary":"IAS Special Publication on Quaternary reef records and sea-level modelling, including Cook Islands reef-terrace context.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/camoin-hallmann-2022-coral-reefs-and-sea-level-change-quaternary-records-and-modelling.pdf","date":"","year":"2022","authors":"Gilbert F. Camoin and Nadine Hallmann","author_short":"Camoin et al."},"ref-du-2026":{"id":"ref-du-2026","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-du-2026","type":"reference","label":"Discovery of young submarine volcanism in the Cook Islands: New constraints on the location of the Rarotonga hotspot","title":"Discovery of young submarine volcanism in the Cook Islands: New constraints on the location of the Rarotonga hotspot","citation":"","citation_label":"Du et al. 2026","source_label":"Journal article","summary":"Identifies very young submarine volcanism and sharpens the inferred position of the Rarotonga hotspot.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/du-et-al-2026-young-submarine-volcanism-rarotonga-hotspot.pdf","date":"","year":"2026","authors":"Yifan Du et al.","author_short":"Du et al."},"field-note-2026-05-25-atiu":{"id":"field-note-2026-05-25-atiu","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-05-25-atiu","type":"field_note","label":"Atiu field note, 2026-05-25","title":"Atiu field note, 2026-05-25","citation":"Atiu 2026-05-25","citation_label":"Atiu 2026-05-25","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-05-25-atiu-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"Arrival-day work covered tide-gauge setup, first reconnaissance stops on the Atiu reef benches, South Point observations, and the harbour tide-gauge datum tie. Observation times were matched to the nearest GPS fixes in the raw field log.","quote":"{'Three tide gauges were programmed at 30 s intervals': 'one land reference and two planned water deployments.'}","href":"daily/2026-05-25/","date":"2026-05-25","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},"field-note-2026-05-26-atiu":{"id":"field-note-2026-05-26-atiu","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-05-26-atiu","type":"field_note","label":"Atiu field note, 2026-05-26","title":"Atiu field note, 2026-05-26","citation":"Atiu 2026-05-26","citation_label":"Atiu 2026-05-26","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-05-26-atiu-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"May 26 built the first detailed Atiu framework comparison at HS101 Matai and HS102 Tuaroa Beach. Field observations separate lower, large growth-position branching coral from upper Diploria-like, honeycomb, smooth, and encrusting coral forms, then tie those facies observations to HS101 samples A-G, GCPs, and drone passes. The day also records rough-wave limits at HS102, sample control on several coral morphotypes.","quote":"HS101/Matai was walked specifically to compare the observed section with Woodroffe-style lower reef, upper reef, and possible intervening sand or discontinuity questions.","href":"daily/2026-05-26/","date":"2026-05-26","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},"field-note-2026-05-27-atiu":{"id":"field-note-2026-05-27-atiu","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-05-27-atiu","type":"field_note","label":"Atiu field note, 2026-05-27","title":"Atiu field note, 2026-05-27","citation":"Atiu 2026-05-27","citation_label":"Atiu 2026-05-27","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-05-27-atiu-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"May 27 focused on the Cook's Landing/Oravaru HS103 and Tangaroa harbor HS104 exposures as context for Atiu's published makatea stratigraphy: lower in situ reef, sand or discontinuity, and upper rubble or reef units. Field observations and GPS ties document sand sheets over coral framework, drone control and sample layout, a fresh harbor-wall comparison, and an inland recrystallized makatea check at Old Canyon.","quote":"Cook's Landing exposes a lower growth-position coral framework with brain, stony, and branching corals that is draped and infilled by coarse angular sand, coral clasts, and breccia blocks.","href":"daily/2026-05-27/","date":"2026-05-27","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},"field-note-2026-05-28-atiu":{"id":"field-note-2026-05-28-atiu","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-05-28-atiu","type":"field_note","label":"Atiu field note, 2026-05-28","title":"Atiu field note, 2026-05-28","citation":"Atiu 2026-05-28","citation_label":"Atiu 2026-05-28","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-05-28-atiu-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"May 28 tied the Old Canyon/HS105 road stop, the Tarapaku/HS106 coast, and the Turua HS107 reef table into the Atiu makatea framework built over the previous two days. The added Tarapaku reef-flat observations sharpen the morning interpretation: the landing/notch area has massive Porites-rich framework, reef-flat microatolls, Halimeda and diverse corals, and a hard cemented shell/grain surface that may help identify.","quote":"Tarapaku landing has an accessible steep path and canoe-ramp area, massive Porites-rich framework, and a 1-3 m coastal notch; photos targeted a large Porites colony with borings, encrusters, branching corals, and a notch to check later with drone imagery and GPS elevation control.","href":"daily/2026-05-28/","date":"2026-05-28","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},"field-note-2026-05-29-atiu":{"id":"field-note-2026-05-29-atiu","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-05-29-atiu","type":"field_note","label":"Atiu field note, 2026-05-29","title":"Atiu field note, 2026-05-29","citation":"Atiu 2026-05-29","citation_label":"Atiu 2026-05-29","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-05-29-atiu-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"May 29 adds a short Atiu quarry check after the earlier coastal work. The 09:51 CKT observation and the top-of-quarry EOS rows at 10:06-10:10 place the team in a heavily recrystallized inland makatea exposure with flowstone, probable calcite crystals, micrite-like fabric, and still-visible reef texture/corals. This fits the published caution that inland Atiu makatea can be older and more altered than the late.","quote":"The quarry road was blocked by a locked gate, but the team had permission and accessed the site around the right side of the gate.","href":"daily/2026-05-29/","date":"2026-05-29","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},"field-note-2026-05-31-rarotonga":{"id":"field-note-2026-05-31-rarotonga","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-05-31-rarotonga","type":"field_note","label":"Rarotonga field note, 2026-05-31","title":"Rarotonga field note, 2026-05-31","citation":"Rarotonga 2026-05-31","citation_label":"Rarotonga 2026-05-31","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-05-31-rarotonga-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"May 31 focused on the Ngatangiia east-coast reef terrace at low tide, with field observations matched to the published Gischler/Moriwaki Ngatangiia reference locality. The notes separate a lower tidal bench and modern notch check from a slightly higher, road-adjacent reef-terrace outcrop. Field observations include large but weathered coral blocks, possible growth-position branching corals, encruster-like plates.","quote":"The stop is co-located with the Ngatangiia reference station in the published Rarotonga reef-terrace work, not a new isolated locality.","href":"daily/2026-05-31/","date":"2026-05-31","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},"field-note-2026-06-01-mangaia":{"id":"field-note-2026-06-01-mangaia","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-06-01-mangaia","type":"field_note","label":"Mangaia field note, 2026-06-01","title":"Mangaia field note, 2026-06-01","citation":"Mangaia 2026-06-01","citation_label":"Mangaia 2026-06-01","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-06-01-mangaia-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"June 1 opened the Mangaia work with transfer logistics, the first harbor tide-gauge and reef-flat observations, and an afternoon traverse across the Saragossa HS109 fossil-reef outcrop. Field observations and Cook Atlas points distinguish the lower harbor flat from the higher coral-framework reef, then record HS109 samples, GCPs, recrystallized grainstone, and an inland coral head near the next cliff.","quote":"Harbor observations separate perched beachrock, modern to lower intertidal reef-flat fabric, and candidate older reef framework, but the age relation remains unresolved.","href":"daily/2026-06-01/","date":"2026-06-01","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},"field-note-2026-06-02-mangaia":{"id":"field-note-2026-06-02-mangaia","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-06-02-mangaia","type":"field_note","label":"Mangaia field note, 2026-06-02","title":"Mangaia field note, 2026-06-02","citation":"Mangaia 2026-06-02","citation_label":"Mangaia 2026-06-02","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-06-02-mangaia-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"June 2 concentrated on three Mangaia fossil-reef sites plus a harbor tide-gauge repeat. Araoa HS110 tested cave, notch, infill, and dated-coral hypotheses at the coast. HS111 Ivirua then documented a large growth-position framework reef and candidate older reef flat, and HS112 Karanga added a late afternoon comparison site with in-situ corals, modern low-tide reef-flat exposure, samples, and GCPs.","quote":"Araoa HS110 preserves coastal framework, cave or notch geometry, platy grainstone, high Porites, possible Holocene patch reef, and several competing infill models.","href":"daily/2026-06-02/","date":"2026-06-02","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},"field-note-2026-06-03-mangaia":{"id":"field-note-2026-06-03-mangaia","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-06-03-mangaia","type":"field_note","label":"Mangaia field note, 2026-06-03","title":"Mangaia field note, 2026-06-03","citation":"Mangaia 2026-06-03","citation_label":"Mangaia 2026-06-03","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-06-03-mangaia-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"June 3 extended the Saragossa work upward and inland across Mangaia's makatea cliff sequence. The day documented a high makatea drive stop, a traverse on the second cliff above the earlier Saragossa outcrop, groove, notch, fracture, and cobble features with uncertain origin, and the HS113 intermediate patch-reef survey with samples and GCPs late in the day.","quote":"High makatea and second-cliff observations fit Mangaia's stepped raised-reef geomorphology, but local contacts between first cliff, second bench, and higher cliff remain uncertain.","href":"daily/2026-06-03/","date":"2026-06-03","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},"field-note-2026-06-04-mangaia":{"id":"field-note-2026-06-04-mangaia","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-06-04-mangaia","type":"field_note","label":"Mangaia field note, 2026-06-04","title":"Mangaia field note, 2026-06-04","citation":"Mangaia 2026-06-04","citation_label":"Mangaia 2026-06-04","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-06-04-mangaia-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"June 4 paired a morning modern tidal-flat survey at HS114 Araoa Beach 2 with afternoon HS115 work across a shoreward transect, samples, GCPs, and a higher reef near the second high cliff. The morning work emphasized water-depth and datum control, followed by increasingly complex afternoon questions about in-situ framework, vegetation-weathering effects, fallen cliff blocks, sea-cave collapse, and possible.","quote":"HS114 provides modern reef-flat water-depth and GCP control that can calibrate fossil reef-flat interpretations elsewhere on Mangaia.","href":"daily/2026-06-04/","date":"2026-06-04","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},"field-note-2026-06-05-mauke":{"id":"field-note-2026-06-05-mauke","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-06-05-mauke","type":"field_note","label":"Mauke field note, 2026-06-05","title":"Mauke field note, 2026-06-05","citation":"Mauke 2026-06-05","citation_label":"Mauke 2026-06-05","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-06-05-mauke-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"June 5 was a short Mauke arrival and setup day. The team placed the harbor tide gauge and measured the concrete reference above it, then made a late Tukuna Beach reconnaissance where broad spur-and-groove topography, possible encruster growth, and weathered bioencrusted outcrop tops were noted without assigning age.","quote":"A tide gauge was placed in a protected Mauke harbor hole beside the road, apparently exposed near low tide.","href":"daily/2026-06-05/","date":"2026-06-05","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},"field-note-2026-06-06-mauke":{"id":"field-note-2026-06-06-mauke","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-06-06-mauke","type":"field_note","label":"Mauke field note, 2026-06-06","title":"Mauke field note, 2026-06-06","citation":"Mauke 2026-06-06","citation_label":"Mauke 2026-06-06","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-06-06-mauke-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"June 6 was the main Mauke raised-reef transect day. The team checked modern reef-flat and western-road exposures, then worked HS116 Anaraura, HS117, and HS118 Tukume, documenting two-layer reef relations, in-situ versus rubble uncertainty, Tridacna and coral samples, GCPs, and several sighted height offsets that require careful datum handling.","quote":"Modern reef-flat checks documented living or recently active vermetid hardground, calcareous algae, encrusters, corals in small holes, and sand or bedrock filling grooves.","href":"daily/2026-06-06/","date":"2026-06-06","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},"field-note-2026-06-07-mauke":{"id":"field-note-2026-06-07-mauke","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-06-07-mauke","type":"field_note","label":"Mauke field note, 2026-06-07","title":"Mauke field note, 2026-06-07","citation":"Mauke 2026-06-07","citation_label":"Mauke 2026-06-07","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-06-07-mauke-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"June 7 focused on Mauke sites that can tie modern reef-flat observations, GPS/GCP control, and raised makatea exposures back to the Stoddart/Woodroffe Uriaata and Aanga profile framework. The strongest observations are descriptive rather than age-diagnostic: HS119 at Uriaata preserves raised spur-and-groove reef fabric, large Porites, modern reef-flat microatolls, bioencrusted fossil coral tops, and possible.","quote":"HS119 at Uriaata was linked to the Woodroffe and Stoddart profile framework; the field notes describe an about 8 m spur, higher carbonate outcrops upslope, and large in-situ Porites.","href":"daily/2026-06-07/","date":"2026-06-07","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},"field-note-2026-06-08-mauke":{"id":"field-note-2026-06-08-mauke","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-06-08-mauke","type":"field_note","label":"Mauke field note, 2026-06-08","title":"Mauke field note, 2026-06-08","citation":"Mauke 2026-06-08","citation_label":"Mauke 2026-06-08","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-06-08-mauke-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"June 8 was a short Mauke wrap-up day. The team removed the Mauke harbor tide gauge and revisited HS120 Arapaea for a drone refly after the prior flight apparently failed to record photographs.","quote":"The Mauke harbor tide gauge was removed before departure.","href":"daily/2026-06-08/","date":"2026-06-08","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},"field-note-2026-06-09-mitiaro":{"id":"field-note-2026-06-09-mitiaro","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-06-09-mitiaro","type":"field_note","label":"Mitiaro field note, 2026-06-09","title":"Mitiaro field note, 2026-06-09","citation":"Mitiaro 2026-06-09","citation_label":"Mitiaro 2026-06-09","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-06-09-mitiaro-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"June 9 was the first full Mitiaro recorder day. Work began with a temporary tide-gauge deployment at Mitiaro Harbor, then moved through a morning makatea and reef-outcrop reconnaissance, a south-coast reddish-weathering check, and afternoon HS122 work at Teunu. The recorder notes document control points, sample labels, possible U-series targets, storm-affected boulders, a vegetated low-pool/ledge feature, and.","quote":"Mitiaro Harbor tide-gauge control was started, including a 191 cm offset from the tide-gauge rock to the concrete harbor surface; the exact gauge reference point still needs datum reconciliation.","href":"daily/2026-06-09/","date":"2026-06-09","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},"field-note-2026-06-10-mitiaro":{"id":"field-note-2026-06-10-mitiaro","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-06-10-mitiaro","type":"field_note","label":"Mitiaro field note, 2026-06-10","title":"Mitiaro field note, 2026-06-10","citation":"Mitiaro 2026-06-10","citation_label":"Mitiaro 2026-06-10","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-06-10-mitiaro-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"June 10 focused on Mitiaro HS123 along the Te Rotonui road and a later HS124 reef-flat stop. The recorder notes document a perched-beach or eolianite-like sand layer, coral-rich outcrop below it, possible Holocene notch fill, ambiguous MIS 5e versus Holocene relations, sample and GCP control, and modern reef-flat water-level observations.","quote":"At HS123, a top sand layer was described as angular and perched-beach or eolianite-like, probably linked to high-energy events rather than a textbook well-sorted eolianite.","href":"daily/2026-06-10/","date":"2026-06-10","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},"field-note-2026-06-11-mitiaro":{"id":"field-note-2026-06-11-mitiaro","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-06-11-mitiaro","type":"field_note","label":"Mitiaro field note, 2026-06-11","title":"Mitiaro field note, 2026-06-11","citation":"Mitiaro 2026-06-11","citation_label":"Mitiaro 2026-06-11","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-06-11-mitiaro-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"June 11 added a short Mitiaro HS125 stop and a high-energy west-side beach check. The field notes emphasize backreef and spur relief, uncertainty in separating Holocene from MIS 5e material near sea level, recent sand mobility, and the possibility that perched beaches explain sand bodies seen high on windy coasts.","quote":"At HS125, the backreef or broad landward surface appears higher than the spurs, producing a gentle slope toward the road.","href":"daily/2026-06-11/","date":"2026-06-11","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},"field-note-2026-06-12-mitiaro":{"id":"field-note-2026-06-12-mitiaro","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-06-12-mitiaro","type":"field_note","label":"Mitiaro field note, 2026-06-12","title":"Mitiaro field note, 2026-06-12","citation":"Mitiaro 2026-06-12","citation_label":"Mitiaro 2026-06-12","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-06-12-mitiaro-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"June 12 contains a single Mitiaro harbor recorder note documenting removal of the temporary tide gauge before departure. The scientific use is datum bookkeeping rather than a new outcrop observation.","quote":"The temporary Mitiaro harbor tide gauge had been removed a few minutes before the recorder mark.","href":"daily/2026-06-12/","date":"2026-06-12","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},"sea-level-indicator-guardrails":{"id":"sea-level-indicator-guardrails","html_id":"synthesis-source-sea-level-indicator-guardrails","type":"method","label":"Sea-level indicator guardrails","title":"Sea-level indicator guardrails","citation":"Indicator guardrails","citation_label":"Indicator guardrails","source_label":"Cook Islands carbonate synthesis skill","summary":"Use growth-position corals, microatolls, coralgal or vermetid rims, datum-tied reef framework, and measured water-level transects as stronger indicators; treat loose rubble, storm boulders, weathered notches, cave fill, and recrystallized makatea as provisional.","quote":"Do not use a U-series age as sea-level evidence unless growth position, elevation, and indicative meaning are also constrained.","href":"","date":"","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""}},"cited_evidence":[{"id":"field-note-corpus","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-corpus","type":"repository_data","label":"Recorder-derived field-note YAML","title":"Recorder-derived field-note YAML","citation":"Field notes","citation_label":"Field notes","source_label":"","summary":"18 normalized field-note records loaded from data/field_notes.","quote":"","href":"data/field_notes.json","date":"","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"daily-log-corpus","html_id":"synthesis-source-daily-log-corpus","type":"repository_data","label":"Raw daily log corpus","title":"Raw daily log corpus","citation":"Daily logs","citation_label":"Daily logs","source_label":"","summary":"18 rendered daily logs with cleaned note timelines, raw transcript access, GPS field routes, and matched media evidence.","quote":"","href":"data/daily-logs.json","date":"","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"ref-stoddart-woodroffe-spencer-1990","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-stoddart-woodroffe-spencer-1990","type":"reference","label":"Mauke, Mitiaro and Atiu: Geomorphology of Makatea Islands in the Southern Cooks","title":"Mauke, Mitiaro and Atiu: Geomorphology of Makatea Islands in the Southern Cooks","citation":"","citation_label":"Stoddart et al. 1990","source_label":"Atoll Research Bulletin","summary":"Atoll Research Bulletin 341 survey of makatea geomorphology, topographic profiles, Pleistocene limestones, coastal morphology, and Holocene coastal features on Mauke, Mitiaro, and Atiu.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/stoddart-woodroffe-spencer-1990-mauke-mitiaro-atiu-geomorphology-makatea-islands.pdf","date":"","year":"1990","authors":"D. R. Stoddart, C. D. Woodroffe, and T. Spencer","author_short":"Stoddart et al."},{"id":"ref-woodroffe-short-1991","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-woodroffe-short-1991","type":"reference","label":"Stratigraphy and Chronology of Late Pleistocene Reefs in the Southern Cook Islands, South Pacific","title":"Stratigraphy and Chronology of Late Pleistocene Reefs in the Southern Cook Islands, South Pacific","citation":"","citation_label":"Woodroffe et al. 1991","source_label":"Journal article","summary":"Describes fossil reef and ages to constrain late Pleistocene sea-level history across the southern group.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/woodroffe-short-1991-late-pleistocene-reefs-southern-cook-islands.pdf","date":"","year":"1991","authors":"Colin D. Woodroffe and Stephen A. Short","author_short":"Woodroffe et al."},{"id":"sea-level-indicator-guardrails","html_id":"synthesis-source-sea-level-indicator-guardrails","type":"method","label":"Sea-level indicator guardrails","title":"Sea-level indicator guardrails","citation":"Indicator guardrails","citation_label":"Indicator guardrails","source_label":"Cook Islands carbonate synthesis skill","summary":"Use growth-position corals, microatolls, coralgal or vermetid rims, datum-tied reef framework, and measured water-level transects as stronger indicators; treat loose rubble, storm boulders, weathered notches, cave fill, and recrystallized makatea as provisional.","quote":"Do not use a U-series age as sea-level evidence unless growth position, elevation, and indicative meaning are also constrained.","href":"","date":"","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"sample-manifest","html_id":"synthesis-source-sample-manifest","type":"repository_data","label":"NES fossil coral sample manifest","title":"NES fossil coral sample manifest","citation":"Sample ledger","citation_label":"Sample ledger","source_label":"","summary":"123 fossil coral sample rows and 230 matched sample photos from the NES sample outputs.","quote":"","href":"samples.html","date":"","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"tide-datums","html_id":"synthesis-source-tide-datums","type":"repository_data","label":"Tide-gauge datum products","title":"Tide-gauge datum products","citation":"Tide datums","citation_label":"Tide datums","source_label":"","summary":"4 rendered island tide-gauge datum records with datum figures and plots.","quote":"","href":"data/tidal-datums.json","date":"","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"gps-height-points","html_id":"synthesis-source-gps-height-points","type":"repository_data","label":"GPS height-control points","title":"GPS height-control points","citation":"GPS heights","citation_label":"GPS heights","source_label":"","summary":"406 GPS features contain height_m_above_mean_sea_level fields.","quote":"","href":"data/gps_points.geojson","date":"","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"backblaze-media-manifest","html_id":"synthesis-source-backblaze-media-manifest","type":"repository_data","label":"Backblaze field media manifest","title":"Backblaze field media manifest","citation":"Backblaze media","citation_label":"Backblaze media","source_label":"","summary":"Public field photos are resolved through the Backblaze-backed media manifest where available.","quote":"","href":"data/media-manifest.json","date":"","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"ref-marshall-1927","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-marshall-1927","type":"reference","label":"Geology of Mangaia","title":"Geology of Mangaia","citation":"","citation_label":"Marshall 1927","source_label":"Museum bulletin","summary":"Early Bishop Museum description of Mangaia, including the fringing reef, terrace slope, makatea, volcanic core, and geologic history.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/marshall-1927-geology-of-mangaia.pdf","date":"","year":"1927","authors":"P. Marshall","author_short":"Marshall"},{"id":"ref-marshall-1930","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-marshall-1930","type":"reference","label":"Geology of Rarotonga and Atiu","title":"Geology of Rarotonga and Atiu","citation":"","citation_label":"Marshall 1930","source_label":"Museum bulletin","summary":"Full Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 72 scan covering Rarotonga and Atiu geology, including reef flats, makatea, igneous rocks, caves, and mapped coastal sections.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/marshall-1930-geology-of-rarotonga-and-atiu.pdf","date":"","year":"1930","authors":"P. Marshall","author_short":"Marshall"},{"id":"ref-veeh-1966","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-veeh-1966","type":"reference","label":"Th230/U238 and U234/U238 ages of Pleistocene high sea level stand","title":"Th230/U238 and U234/U238 ages of Pleistocene high sea level stand","citation":"","citation_label":"Veeh 1966","source_label":"Journal article","summary":"Reports uranium-series ages for fossil corals from emerged reefs, including two Mangaia samples used in later southern Cook Islands terrace syntheses.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/veeh-1966-th230-u238-u234-u238-ages-pleistocene-high-sea-level-stand.pdf","date":"","year":"1966","authors":"H. Herbert Veeh","author_short":"Veeh"},{"id":"ref-wood-1967","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-wood-1967","type":"reference","label":"Geology of the Cook Islands","title":"Geology of the Cook Islands","citation":"","citation_label":"Wood 1967","source_label":"Journal article","summary":"Geologic overview of all 15 islands, including volcanic history, makatea, and atoll development.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/wood-1967-geology-of-the-cook-islands.pdf","date":"","year":"1967","authors":"B. L. Wood","author_short":"Wood"},{"id":"ref-lambeck-1981","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-lambeck-1981","type":"reference","label":"Lithospheric response to volcanic loading in the Southern Cook Islands","title":"Lithospheric response to volcanic loading in the Southern Cook Islands","citation":"","citation_label":"Lambeck 1981","source_label":"Journal article","summary":"Uses uplift, bathymetry, and geoid data to model lithospheric flexure beneath the southern islands.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/lambeck-1981-lithospheric-response-volcanic-loading-southern-cook-islands.pdf","date":"","year":"1981","authors":"Kurt Lambeck","author_short":"Lambeck"},{"id":"ref-woodroffe-holocene-1990","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-woodroffe-holocene-1990","type":"reference","label":"Holocene emergence in the Cook Islands, South Pacific","title":"Holocene emergence in the Cook Islands, South Pacific","citation":"","citation_label":"Woodroffe et al. 1990","source_label":"Journal article","summary":"Documents Holocene emergent reef, algal-ridge, notch, and radiocarbon evidence from Suwarrow, Mitiaro, Mauke, Atiu, and Mangaia.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/BF00686719.pdf","date":"","year":"1990","authors":"C. D. Woodroffe, D. R. Stoddart, T. Spencer, T. P. Scoffin, and A. W. Tudhope","author_short":"Woodroffe et al."},{"id":"ref-moriwaki-2006","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-moriwaki-2006","type":"reference","label":"Holocene changes in sea level and coastal environments on Rarotonga, Cook Islands, South Pacific Ocean","title":"Holocene changes in sea level and coastal environments on Rarotonga, Cook Islands, South Pacific Ocean","citation":"","citation_label":"Moriwaki et al. 2006","source_label":"Journal article","summary":"Reconstructs mid- to late-Holocene shoreline development on eastern Rarotonga from geomorphic mapping, coring, excavation, and radiocarbon dates.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/moriwaki-et-al-2006-holocene-changes-in-sea-level-and-coastal-environments-on-rarotonga-cook-islands-south-pacific-ocean.pdf","date":"","year":"2006","authors":"Hiroshi Moriwaki, Masashi Chikamori, Mitsuru Okuno, and Toshio Nakamura","author_short":"Moriwaki et al."},{"id":"ref-nakada-1996","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-nakada-1996","type":"reference","label":"Viscosity structure of the oceanic lithosphere inferred from the differential late Quaternary sea-level variations for the southern Cook Islands","title":"Viscosity structure of the oceanic lithosphere inferred from the differential late Quaternary sea-level variations for the southern Cook Islands","citation":"","citation_label":"Nakada 1996","source_label":"Journal article","summary":"Discusses lithospheric flexure beneath the southern islands using uplift, bathymetry, and geoid data.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/nakada1991.pdf","date":"","year":"1996","authors":"Masao Nakada","author_short":"Nakada"},{"id":"ref-camoin-hallmann-2022","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-camoin-hallmann-2022","type":"reference","label":"Coral Reefs and Sea-Level Change: Quaternary Records and Modelling","title":"Coral Reefs and Sea-Level Change: Quaternary Records and Modelling","citation":"","citation_label":"Camoin et al. 2022","source_label":"Edited volume","summary":"IAS Special Publication on Quaternary reef records and sea-level modelling, including Cook Islands reef-terrace context.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/camoin-hallmann-2022-coral-reefs-and-sea-level-change-quaternary-records-and-modelling.pdf","date":"","year":"2022","authors":"Gilbert F. Camoin and Nadine Hallmann","author_short":"Camoin et al."},{"id":"ref-du-2026","html_id":"synthesis-source-ref-du-2026","type":"reference","label":"Discovery of young submarine volcanism in the Cook Islands: New constraints on the location of the Rarotonga hotspot","title":"Discovery of young submarine volcanism in the Cook Islands: New constraints on the location of the Rarotonga hotspot","citation":"","citation_label":"Du et al. 2026","source_label":"Journal article","summary":"Identifies very young submarine volcanism and sharpens the inferred position of the Rarotonga hotspot.","quote":"","href":"data/documents/references/du-et-al-2026-young-submarine-volcanism-rarotonga-hotspot.pdf","date":"","year":"2026","authors":"Yifan Du et al.","author_short":"Du et al."},{"id":"field-note-2026-05-25-atiu","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-05-25-atiu","type":"field_note","label":"Atiu field note, 2026-05-25","title":"Atiu field note, 2026-05-25","citation":"Atiu 2026-05-25","citation_label":"Atiu 2026-05-25","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-05-25-atiu-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"Arrival-day work covered tide-gauge setup, first reconnaissance stops on the Atiu reef benches, South Point observations, and the harbour tide-gauge datum tie. Observation times were matched to the nearest GPS fixes in the raw field log.","quote":"{'Three tide gauges were programmed at 30 s intervals': 'one land reference and two planned water deployments.'}","href":"daily/2026-05-25/","date":"2026-05-25","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"field-note-2026-05-26-atiu","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-05-26-atiu","type":"field_note","label":"Atiu field note, 2026-05-26","title":"Atiu field note, 2026-05-26","citation":"Atiu 2026-05-26","citation_label":"Atiu 2026-05-26","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-05-26-atiu-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"May 26 built the first detailed Atiu framework comparison at HS101 Matai and HS102 Tuaroa Beach. Field observations separate lower, large growth-position branching coral from upper Diploria-like, honeycomb, smooth, and encrusting coral forms, then tie those facies observations to HS101 samples A-G, GCPs, and drone passes. The day also records rough-wave limits at HS102, sample control on several coral morphotypes.","quote":"HS101/Matai was walked specifically to compare the observed section with Woodroffe-style lower reef, upper reef, and possible intervening sand or discontinuity questions.","href":"daily/2026-05-26/","date":"2026-05-26","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"field-note-2026-05-27-atiu","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-05-27-atiu","type":"field_note","label":"Atiu field note, 2026-05-27","title":"Atiu field note, 2026-05-27","citation":"Atiu 2026-05-27","citation_label":"Atiu 2026-05-27","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-05-27-atiu-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"May 27 focused on the Cook's Landing/Oravaru HS103 and Tangaroa harbor HS104 exposures as context for Atiu's published makatea stratigraphy: lower in situ reef, sand or discontinuity, and upper rubble or reef units. Field observations and GPS ties document sand sheets over coral framework, drone control and sample layout, a fresh harbor-wall comparison, and an inland recrystallized makatea check at Old Canyon.","quote":"Cook's Landing exposes a lower growth-position coral framework with brain, stony, and branching corals that is draped and infilled by coarse angular sand, coral clasts, and breccia blocks.","href":"daily/2026-05-27/","date":"2026-05-27","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"field-note-2026-05-28-atiu","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-05-28-atiu","type":"field_note","label":"Atiu field note, 2026-05-28","title":"Atiu field note, 2026-05-28","citation":"Atiu 2026-05-28","citation_label":"Atiu 2026-05-28","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-05-28-atiu-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"May 28 tied the Old Canyon/HS105 road stop, the Tarapaku/HS106 coast, and the Turua HS107 reef table into the Atiu makatea framework built over the previous two days. The added Tarapaku reef-flat observations sharpen the morning interpretation: the landing/notch area has massive Porites-rich framework, reef-flat microatolls, Halimeda and diverse corals, and a hard cemented shell/grain surface that may help identify.","quote":"Tarapaku landing has an accessible steep path and canoe-ramp area, massive Porites-rich framework, and a 1-3 m coastal notch; photos targeted a large Porites colony with borings, encrusters, branching corals, and a notch to check later with drone imagery and GPS elevation control.","href":"daily/2026-05-28/","date":"2026-05-28","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"field-note-2026-05-29-atiu","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-05-29-atiu","type":"field_note","label":"Atiu field note, 2026-05-29","title":"Atiu field note, 2026-05-29","citation":"Atiu 2026-05-29","citation_label":"Atiu 2026-05-29","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-05-29-atiu-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"May 29 adds a short Atiu quarry check after the earlier coastal work. The 09:51 CKT observation and the top-of-quarry EOS rows at 10:06-10:10 place the team in a heavily recrystallized inland makatea exposure with flowstone, probable calcite crystals, micrite-like fabric, and still-visible reef texture/corals. This fits the published caution that inland Atiu makatea can be older and more altered than the late.","quote":"The quarry road was blocked by a locked gate, but the team had permission and accessed the site around the right side of the gate.","href":"daily/2026-05-29/","date":"2026-05-29","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"field-note-2026-06-01-mangaia","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-06-01-mangaia","type":"field_note","label":"Mangaia field note, 2026-06-01","title":"Mangaia field note, 2026-06-01","citation":"Mangaia 2026-06-01","citation_label":"Mangaia 2026-06-01","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-06-01-mangaia-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"June 1 opened the Mangaia work with transfer logistics, the first harbor tide-gauge and reef-flat observations, and an afternoon traverse across the Saragossa HS109 fossil-reef outcrop. Field observations and Cook Atlas points distinguish the lower harbor flat from the higher coral-framework reef, then record HS109 samples, GCPs, recrystallized grainstone, and an inland coral head near the next cliff.","quote":"Harbor observations separate perched beachrock, modern to lower intertidal reef-flat fabric, and candidate older reef framework, but the age relation remains unresolved.","href":"daily/2026-06-01/","date":"2026-06-01","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"field-note-2026-06-02-mangaia","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-06-02-mangaia","type":"field_note","label":"Mangaia field note, 2026-06-02","title":"Mangaia field note, 2026-06-02","citation":"Mangaia 2026-06-02","citation_label":"Mangaia 2026-06-02","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-06-02-mangaia-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"June 2 concentrated on three Mangaia fossil-reef sites plus a harbor tide-gauge repeat. Araoa HS110 tested cave, notch, infill, and dated-coral hypotheses at the coast. HS111 Ivirua then documented a large growth-position framework reef and candidate older reef flat, and HS112 Karanga added a late afternoon comparison site with in-situ corals, modern low-tide reef-flat exposure, samples, and GCPs.","quote":"Araoa HS110 preserves coastal framework, cave or notch geometry, platy grainstone, high Porites, possible Holocene patch reef, and several competing infill models.","href":"daily/2026-06-02/","date":"2026-06-02","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"field-note-2026-06-03-mangaia","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-06-03-mangaia","type":"field_note","label":"Mangaia field note, 2026-06-03","title":"Mangaia field note, 2026-06-03","citation":"Mangaia 2026-06-03","citation_label":"Mangaia 2026-06-03","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-06-03-mangaia-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"June 3 extended the Saragossa work upward and inland across Mangaia's makatea cliff sequence. The day documented a high makatea drive stop, a traverse on the second cliff above the earlier Saragossa outcrop, groove, notch, fracture, and cobble features with uncertain origin, and the HS113 intermediate patch-reef survey with samples and GCPs late in the day.","quote":"High makatea and second-cliff observations fit Mangaia's stepped raised-reef geomorphology, but local contacts between first cliff, second bench, and higher cliff remain uncertain.","href":"daily/2026-06-03/","date":"2026-06-03","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"field-note-2026-06-04-mangaia","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-06-04-mangaia","type":"field_note","label":"Mangaia field note, 2026-06-04","title":"Mangaia field note, 2026-06-04","citation":"Mangaia 2026-06-04","citation_label":"Mangaia 2026-06-04","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-06-04-mangaia-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"June 4 paired a morning modern tidal-flat survey at HS114 Araoa Beach 2 with afternoon HS115 work across a shoreward transect, samples, GCPs, and a higher reef near the second high cliff. The morning work emphasized water-depth and datum control, followed by increasingly complex afternoon questions about in-situ framework, vegetation-weathering effects, fallen cliff blocks, sea-cave collapse, and possible.","quote":"HS114 provides modern reef-flat water-depth and GCP control that can calibrate fossil reef-flat interpretations elsewhere on Mangaia.","href":"daily/2026-06-04/","date":"2026-06-04","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"field-note-2026-06-05-mauke","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-06-05-mauke","type":"field_note","label":"Mauke field note, 2026-06-05","title":"Mauke field note, 2026-06-05","citation":"Mauke 2026-06-05","citation_label":"Mauke 2026-06-05","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-06-05-mauke-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"June 5 was a short Mauke arrival and setup day. The team placed the harbor tide gauge and measured the concrete reference above it, then made a late Tukuna Beach reconnaissance where broad spur-and-groove topography, possible encruster growth, and weathered bioencrusted outcrop tops were noted without assigning age.","quote":"A tide gauge was placed in a protected Mauke harbor hole beside the road, apparently exposed near low tide.","href":"daily/2026-06-05/","date":"2026-06-05","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"field-note-2026-06-06-mauke","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-06-06-mauke","type":"field_note","label":"Mauke field note, 2026-06-06","title":"Mauke field note, 2026-06-06","citation":"Mauke 2026-06-06","citation_label":"Mauke 2026-06-06","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-06-06-mauke-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"June 6 was the main Mauke raised-reef transect day. The team checked modern reef-flat and western-road exposures, then worked HS116 Anaraura, HS117, and HS118 Tukume, documenting two-layer reef relations, in-situ versus rubble uncertainty, Tridacna and coral samples, GCPs, and several sighted height offsets that require careful datum handling.","quote":"Modern reef-flat checks documented living or recently active vermetid hardground, calcareous algae, encrusters, corals in small holes, and sand or bedrock filling grooves.","href":"daily/2026-06-06/","date":"2026-06-06","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"field-note-2026-06-07-mauke","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-06-07-mauke","type":"field_note","label":"Mauke field note, 2026-06-07","title":"Mauke field note, 2026-06-07","citation":"Mauke 2026-06-07","citation_label":"Mauke 2026-06-07","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-06-07-mauke-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"June 7 focused on Mauke sites that can tie modern reef-flat observations, GPS/GCP control, and raised makatea exposures back to the Stoddart/Woodroffe Uriaata and Aanga profile framework. The strongest observations are descriptive rather than age-diagnostic: HS119 at Uriaata preserves raised spur-and-groove reef fabric, large Porites, modern reef-flat microatolls, bioencrusted fossil coral tops, and possible.","quote":"HS119 at Uriaata was linked to the Woodroffe and Stoddart profile framework; the field notes describe an about 8 m spur, higher carbonate outcrops upslope, and large in-situ Porites.","href":"daily/2026-06-07/","date":"2026-06-07","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"field-note-2026-06-08-mauke","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-06-08-mauke","type":"field_note","label":"Mauke field note, 2026-06-08","title":"Mauke field note, 2026-06-08","citation":"Mauke 2026-06-08","citation_label":"Mauke 2026-06-08","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-06-08-mauke-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"June 8 was a short Mauke wrap-up day. The team removed the Mauke harbor tide gauge and revisited HS120 Arapaea for a drone refly after the prior flight apparently failed to record photographs.","quote":"The Mauke harbor tide gauge was removed before departure.","href":"daily/2026-06-08/","date":"2026-06-08","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"field-note-2026-06-09-mitiaro","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-06-09-mitiaro","type":"field_note","label":"Mitiaro field note, 2026-06-09","title":"Mitiaro field note, 2026-06-09","citation":"Mitiaro 2026-06-09","citation_label":"Mitiaro 2026-06-09","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-06-09-mitiaro-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"June 9 was the first full Mitiaro recorder day. Work began with a temporary tide-gauge deployment at Mitiaro Harbor, then moved through a morning makatea and reef-outcrop reconnaissance, a south-coast reddish-weathering check, and afternoon HS122 work at Teunu. The recorder notes document control points, sample labels, possible U-series targets, storm-affected boulders, a vegetated low-pool/ledge feature, and.","quote":"Mitiaro Harbor tide-gauge control was started, including a 191 cm offset from the tide-gauge rock to the concrete harbor surface; the exact gauge reference point still needs datum reconciliation.","href":"daily/2026-06-09/","date":"2026-06-09","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"field-note-2026-06-10-mitiaro","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-06-10-mitiaro","type":"field_note","label":"Mitiaro field note, 2026-06-10","title":"Mitiaro field note, 2026-06-10","citation":"Mitiaro 2026-06-10","citation_label":"Mitiaro 2026-06-10","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-06-10-mitiaro-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"June 10 focused on Mitiaro HS123 along the Te Rotonui road and a later HS124 reef-flat stop. The recorder notes document a perched-beach or eolianite-like sand layer, coral-rich outcrop below it, possible Holocene notch fill, ambiguous MIS 5e versus Holocene relations, sample and GCP control, and modern reef-flat water-level observations.","quote":"At HS123, a top sand layer was described as angular and perched-beach or eolianite-like, probably linked to high-energy events rather than a textbook well-sorted eolianite.","href":"daily/2026-06-10/","date":"2026-06-10","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"field-note-2026-06-11-mitiaro","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-06-11-mitiaro","type":"field_note","label":"Mitiaro field note, 2026-06-11","title":"Mitiaro field note, 2026-06-11","citation":"Mitiaro 2026-06-11","citation_label":"Mitiaro 2026-06-11","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-06-11-mitiaro-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"June 11 added a short Mitiaro HS125 stop and a high-energy west-side beach check. The field notes emphasize backreef and spur relief, uncertainty in separating Holocene from MIS 5e material near sea level, recent sand mobility, and the possibility that perched beaches explain sand bodies seen high on windy coasts.","quote":"At HS125, the backreef or broad landward surface appears higher than the spurs, producing a gentle slope toward the road.","href":"daily/2026-06-11/","date":"2026-06-11","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"field-note-2026-06-12-mitiaro","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-06-12-mitiaro","type":"field_note","label":"Mitiaro field note, 2026-06-12","title":"Mitiaro field note, 2026-06-12","citation":"Mitiaro 2026-06-12","citation_label":"Mitiaro 2026-06-12","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-06-12-mitiaro-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"June 12 contains a single Mitiaro harbor recorder note documenting removal of the temporary tide gauge before departure. The scientific use is datum bookkeeping rather than a new outcrop observation.","quote":"The temporary Mitiaro harbor tide gauge had been removed a few minutes before the recorder mark.","href":"daily/2026-06-12/","date":"2026-06-12","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""},{"id":"field-note-2026-05-31-rarotonga","html_id":"synthesis-source-field-note-2026-05-31-rarotonga","type":"field_note","label":"Rarotonga field note, 2026-05-31","title":"Rarotonga field note, 2026-05-31","citation":"Rarotonga 2026-05-31","citation_label":"Rarotonga 2026-05-31","source_label":"data/field_notes/2026-05-31-rarotonga-recorder-notes.yml","summary":"May 31 focused on the Ngatangiia east-coast reef terrace at low tide, with field observations matched to the published Gischler/Moriwaki Ngatangiia reference locality. The notes separate a lower tidal bench and modern notch check from a slightly higher, road-adjacent reef-terrace outcrop. Field observations include large but weathered coral blocks, possible growth-position branching corals, encruster-like plates.","quote":"The stop is co-located with the Ngatangiia reference station in the published Rarotonga reef-terrace work, not a new isolated locality.","href":"daily/2026-05-31/","date":"2026-05-31","year":"","authors":"","author_short":""}],"summary_cards":[{"label":"Daily logs","value":"18"},{"label":"Field notes","value":"18"},{"label":"Samples","value":"123"},{"label":"Core references","value":"15"}],"media_panels":[{"id":"atiu-media","title":"Atiu verification photos","site_codes":["HS101","HS103","HS107"],"photos":[{"id":"sha256-484549adc8e074fcae11f6aa691c9fe7b9136dac10c7b1bd5fb800837b6214da","site_code":"HS101","display_url":"https://earth-history-uvic.s3.us-west-004.backblazeb2.com/web/photo-system/v1/full/2026/05/26/20260526-091344-885e94031c46-467bbfe095a0.jpg","full_url":"https://earth-history-uvic.s3.us-west-004.backblazeb2.com/web/photo-system/v1/full/2026/05/26/20260526-091344-885e94031c46-467bbfe095a0.jpg","thumb_url":"https://earth-history-uvic.s3.us-west-004.backblazeb2.com/web/photo-system/v1/thumb/2026/05/26/20260526-091344-885e94031c46-467bbfe095a0.jpg","caption":"20260526-091344-885e94031c46-467bbfe095a0.jpg","alt":"HS101 field photo","meta":"HS101 | 2026-05-26T09:13:44 | Olympus TG-5","source":"Backblaze public media"},{"id":"sha256-4d2b42f96b4fc60d66884ef7e8d2c5c8d452aa50ec172e231965316d551dd922","site_code":"HS101","display_url":"https://earth-history-uvic.s3.us-west-004.backblazeb2.com/web/photo-system/v1/full/2026/05/26/20260526-095553-4d2b42f96b4f-88e638a1ccec.jpg","full_url":"https://earth-history-uvic.s3.us-west-004.backblazeb2.com/web/photo-system/v1/full/2026/05/26/20260526-095553-4d2b42f96b4f-88e638a1ccec.jpg","thumb_url":"https://earth-history-uvic.s3.us-west-004.backblazeb2.com/web/photo-system/v1/thumb/2026/05/26/20260526-095553-4d2b42f96b4f-88e638a1ccec.jpg","caption":"20260526-095553-4d2b42f96b4f-88e638a1ccec.jpg","alt":"HS101 field photo","meta":"HS101 | 2026-05-26T09:55:53 | Olympus TG-5","source":"Backblaze public media"},{"id":"sha256-cb838a7f17270f5723ae2b5557f35daf5372d9792bf9d644edd5bd6bbc10ff99","site_code":"HS101","display_url":"https://earth-history-uvic.s3.us-west-004.backblazeb2.com/web/photo-system/v1/display/2026/05/26/20260526-095553-cb838a7f1727-01a7fd8233c7.jpg","full_url":"https://earth-history-uvic.s3.us-west-004.backblazeb2.com/web/photo-system/v1/full/2026/05/26/20260526-095553-cb838a7f1727-01a7fd8233c7.jpg","thumb_url":"https://earth-history-uvic.s3.us-west-004.backblazeb2.com/web/photo-system/v1/thumb/2026/05/26/20260526-095553-cb838a7f1727-01a7fd8233c7.jpg","caption":"Coral with feather-like upward corallite ridges about 0.5-1 mm apart and looks like brain-coral in end-on view. 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photos","site_codes":["HS122","HS123","HS125"],"photos":[{"id":"sha256-d6601965ae55642fa4ea385eef5202d6cc3b8b8c748173ab198f861b6b536c83","site_code":"HS122","display_url":"https://earth-history-uvic.s3.us-west-004.backblazeb2.com/web/photo-system/v1/display/2026/06/09/20260609-144723-d6601965ae55-1e4998c70df2.jpg","full_url":"https://earth-history-uvic.s3.us-west-004.backblazeb2.com/web/photo-system/v1/full/2026/06/09/20260609-144723-d6601965ae55-1e4998c70df2.jpg","thumb_url":"https://earth-history-uvic.s3.us-west-004.backblazeb2.com/web/photo-system/v1/thumb/2026/06/09/20260609-144723-d6601965ae55-1e4998c70df2.jpg","caption":"HS122 Teunu start: HS122 Teunu or new-site marker was recorded; the exact suffix remains uncertain from the audio.","alt":"HS122 field photo","meta":"HS122 | 2026-06-09T14:47:23 | Google Pixel 9 Pro","source":"Backblaze public 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media"},{"id":"sha256-6cded16c64e510bbdc6a677d145f01e56fb3fe2ca9c05dd20f706a3759a9dcc8","site_code":"HS122","display_url":"https://earth-history-uvic.s3.us-west-004.backblazeb2.com/web/photo-system/v1/display/2026/06/09/20260609-145437-6cded16c64e5-4f4e0731038f.jpg","full_url":"https://earth-history-uvic.s3.us-west-004.backblazeb2.com/web/photo-system/v1/full/2026/06/09/20260609-145437-6cded16c64e5-4f4e0731038f.jpg","thumb_url":"https://earth-history-uvic.s3.us-west-004.backblazeb2.com/web/photo-system/v1/thumb/2026/06/09/20260609-145437-6cded16c64e5-4f4e0731038f.jpg","caption":"Coral-bearing boulders: Coral- and bioencruster-bearing boulders sit landward of spurs and grooves; in-place versus storm-transport origin remains unresolved.","alt":"HS122 field photo","meta":"HS122 | 2026-06-09T14:54:37 | Google Pixel 9 Pro","source":"Backblaze public media"},{"id":"sha256-07d26cffb0ccbeaa79b5488f5403b1e487572f125ce42a35bea4338a444d02fb","site_code":"HS122","display_url":"https://earth-history-uvic.s3.us-west-004.backblazeb2.com/web/photo-system/v1/display/2026/06/09/20260609-145706-07d26cffb0cc-dc6f199b21d3.jpg","full_url":"https://earth-history-uvic.s3.us-west-004.backblazeb2.com/web/photo-system/v1/full/2026/06/09/20260609-145706-07d26cffb0cc-dc6f199b21d3.jpg","thumb_url":"https://earth-history-uvic.s3.us-west-004.backblazeb2.com/web/photo-system/v1/thumb/2026/06/09/20260609-145706-07d26cffb0cc-dc6f199b21d3.jpg","caption":"Probable storm berm: The exposed coast is likely affected by large storms, and the boulders were interpreted as probable modern storm-berm material.","alt":"HS122 field photo","meta":"HS122 | 2026-06-09T14:57:06 | Google Pixel 9 Pro","source":"Backblaze public media"},{"id":"sha256-242a661923248f6139faeda29fb9a09f68275f4ed5cffcb8e88240ee5a6132cf","site_code":"HS122","display_url":"https://earth-history-uvic.s3.us-west-004.backblazeb2.com/web/photo-system/v1/display/2026/06/09/20260609-150311-242a66192324-368f6091ac29.jpg","full_url":"https://earth-history-uvic.s3.us-west-004.backblazeb2.com/web/photo-system/v1/full/2026/06/09/20260609-150311-242a66192324-368f6091ac29.jpg","thumb_url":"https://earth-history-uvic.s3.us-west-004.backblazeb2.com/web/photo-system/v1/thumb/2026/06/09/20260609-150311-242a66192324-368f6091ac29.jpg","caption":"Vegetated pool ledge: A near-constant ledge level around a vegetated low suggests a pool-like feature on the reef flat.","alt":"HS122 field photo","meta":"HS122 | 2026-06-09T15:03:11 | Google Pixel 9 Pro","source":"Backblaze public media"}]}],"json_path":"data/geologic-synthesis.json"}